A Functional Henipavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Pseudotyped Lentivirus Assay System

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are newly emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses discovered during outbreaks in Queensland, Australia in 1994 and peninsular Malaysia in 1998/9 respectively and classified within the new <it>Henipavirus </it>genus. Both viruses can infect a broad range of mammalian species causing severe and often-lethal disease in humans and animals, and repeated outbreaks continue to occur. Extensive laboratory studies on the host cell infection stage of HeV and NiV and the roles of their envelope glycoproteins have been hampered by their highly pathogenic nature and restriction to biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) containment. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a henipavirus envelope glycoprotein pseudotyped lentivirus assay system using either a luciferase gene or green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene encoding human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genome in conjunction with the HeV and NiV fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Functional retrovirus particles pseudotyped with henipavirus F and G glycoproteins displayed proper target cell tropism and entry and infection was dependent on the presence of the HeV and NiV receptors ephrinB2 or B3 on target cells. The functional specificity of the assay was confirmed by the lack of reporter-gene signals when particles bearing either only the F or only G glycoprotein were prepared and assayed. Virus entry could be specifically blocked when infection was carried out in the presence of a fusion inhibiting C-terminal heptad (HR-2) peptide, a well-characterized, cross-reactive, neutralizing human mAb specific for the henipavirus G glycoprotein, and soluble ephrinB2 and B3 receptors. In addition, the utility of the assay was also demonstrated by an examination of the influence of the cytoplasmic tail of F in its fusion activity and incorporation into pseudotyped virus particles by generating and testing a panel of truncation mutants of NiV and HeV F.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Together, these results demonstrate that a specific henipavirus entry assay has been developed using NiV or HeV F and G glycoprotein pseudotyped reporter-gene encoding retrovirus particles. This assay can be conducted safely under BSL-2 conditions and will be a useful tool for measuring henipavirus entry and studying F and G glycoprotein function in the context of virus entry, as well as in assaying and characterizing neutralizing antibodies and virus entry inhibitors.</p

Akbarnama

L’Akbarnama ou « Le Livre d’Akbar » est la principale chronique officielle datant du règne du troisième empereur moghol, Jalal al‑Din Muhammad Akbar. Il fournit un récit long, très flatteur, mais aussi extrêmement instructif des événements qui se sont produits lorsqu’il était au pouvoir, le dépeignant comme le souverain idéal, tout‑puissant et divinement éclairé qui a régné avec bienveillance sur ses sujets.The Akbarnama or “The Book of Akbar” is the main official chronicle dating from the reign of the third Mughal emperor, Jalal al‑Din Muhammad Akbar. It provides a lengthy, highly flattering but also extremely informative account of the events that occurred when he was in power, portraying him as the ideal, all‑powerful, divinely guided sovereign who ruled benevolently over his subjects

The Politics of Ceremonial in Shah Jahan's Court

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Les sources historiques en langue persane en Inde. Du sultanat de Delhi jusqu'à l'empire moghol.

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Ville et fleuve en Asie du Sud - regards croisés

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Agra et Shahjahanabad. Joyaux de l'Empire moghol.

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Inde: des sultans de Delhi aux Grands Moghols

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Mourir et devenir immortel: mort et carrière posthume chez les empereurs moghols

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"Malik Kafur" (version revisée de l'article de Simon Digby), "Khandesh" et "Khwaja Jahan"

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Court Chronicles in Mughal India

The Persian language court chronicles composed during the reigns of the Mughal emperors count amongst our principal sources for the history of India from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Written by court historians under imperial patronage as part of an extensive historiographical project, they present the official version of the events that occurred during a ruler’s reign and the prevailing political situation of the times. This article provides a general overview of these works: their content, the manner in which this information was collected and processed, the purpose which these chronicles were meant to serve, their strengths and shortcomings and their influence on subsequent works in vernacular languages.Les chroniques de cour en langue persane écrites sous les règnes des empereurs moghols comptent parmi nos sources principales pour l’histoire de l’Inde du xvie au xviiie siècle. Rédigées par les historiens de cour sous le patronage impérial dans le cadre d’un projet historiographique de large envergure, elles présentent la version officielle des événements qui se sont produits pendant le règne ainsi que le contexte politique de l’époque. Cet article fournit un aperçu global de ces œuvres : leur contenu, la manière dont l’information fut collectée et traitée, les objectifs visés, les points forts et les faiblesses des chroniques ainsi que l’influence qu’elles exercèrent sur les œuvres composées en langues vernaculaires