Efficiency and distribution in contract farming:The case of Indian poultry growers

This paper is an empirical analysis of the gains from contract farming in the case of poultry production in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The paper finds that contract production is more efficient than noncontract production. The efficiency surplus is largely appropriated by the processor. Despite this, contract growers still gain appreciably from contracting in terms of lower risk and higher expected returns. Improved technology and production practices as well as the way in which the processor selects growers is what makes these outcomes possible. In terms of observed and unobserved characteristics, contract growers have relatively poor prospects as independent growers. With contract production, these growers achieve incomes comparable to that of independent growersContract Farming, Contracting, Poultry, Vertical Integration

Efficiency and distribution in contract farming: the case of Indian poultry growers

"This paper is an empirical analysis of the gains from contract farming in the case of poultry production in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The paper finds that contract production is more efficient than noncontract production. The efficiency surplus is largely appropriated by the processor. Despite this, contract growers still gain appreciably from contracting in terms of lower risk and higher expected returns. Improved technology and production practices as well as the way in which the processor selects growers are what make these outcomes possible. In terms of observed and unobserved characteristics, contract growers have relatively poor prospects as independent growers. With contract production, these growers achieve incomes comparable to that of independent growers." Authors' AbstractContract farming, Poultry, Vertical integration,

Farmakokinetika cefepima u bivolske teladi s vrućicom izazvanom lipopolisaharidom bakterije E. coli

The pharmacokinetics of cefepime after its single intravenous administration (10 mg/kg) was investigated in experimentally induced fever in buffalo calves (n = 4). The fever was induced by single/repeated intravenous injection of E. coli lipopolysaccaride (1 μg/kg). The drug was estimated in plasma samples by microbiological assay using E. coli (MTCC 739) test organism. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of cefepime in febrile animals was described by a two compartment open model. At 1 min, the concentration of cefepime in plasma was 40.8 ± 0.98 μg/mL which rapidly declined to 23.0 ± 0.64 μg/mL at 15 min. The drug was detected up to 24 h. The elimination half-life and volume of distribution were 3.00 ± 0.18 h and 0.42 ± 0.02 L/kg, respectively. The distribution half-life, AUC and total body clearance (ClB) were 0.08 ± 0.002 h, 101 ± 7.65 μg/mL.h and 98.8 ± 6.06 mL/kg/h, respectively. To maintain a minimum therapeutic concentration of 1 μg/mL, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefepime in febrile buffalo calves would be 7 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.Istražena je farmakokinetika cefepima u bivolske teladi (n = 4) s pokusno izazvanom vrućicom nakon njegove jednokratne intravenske primjene (10 mg/kg). Vrućica je bila izazvana jednokratnom ili ponovljenom intravenskom primjenom lipopolisaharida bakterije E. coli (1 μg/kg). Farmakokinetika lijeka određivana je u uzorcima plazme mikrobiološkim postupkom upotrebom soja E. coli (MTCC 739). Farmakokinetičko ponašanje cefepima u febrilnih životinja opisano je na osnovi dva otvorena modela. U prvoj minuti koncentracija cefepima u plazmi iznosila je 40,8 ± 0,98 μg/mL, a u 15. se naglo smanjila na 23,0 ± 0,64 μg/mL. Lijek je bio dokazan do 24 sata nakon davanja. Poluvrijeme njegova izlučivanja iznosilo je 3,00 ± 0,18 h, a količina raspodjele 0,42 ± 0,02 L/kg. Poluvrijeme njegove raspodjele iznosilo je 0,08 ± 0,002 h, površine ispod koncentracijske krivulje u plazmi 101 ± 7.65 μg/mL, a ukupni klirens iz organizma (ClB) 98,8 ± 6,06 mL/kg/h. Za održavanje minimalne terapijske koncentracije od 1 μg/mL cefepim bi u febrilne bivolske teladi trebalo davati u dozi od 7 mg/kg s ponovljenom primjenom u razmaku od 12 sati

Farmakokinetika cefepima u bivolske teladi s vrućicom izazvanom lipopolisaharidom bakterije E. coli

The pharmacokinetics of cefepime after its single intravenous administration (10 mg/kg) was investigated in experimentally induced fever in buffalo calves (n = 4). The fever was induced by single/repeated intravenous injection of E. coli lipopolysaccaride (1 μg/kg). The drug was estimated in plasma samples by microbiological assay using E. coli (MTCC 739) test organism. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of cefepime in febrile animals was described by a two compartment open model. At 1 min, the concentration of cefepime in plasma was 40.8 ± 0.98 μg/mL which rapidly declined to 23.0 ± 0.64 μg/mL at 15 min. The drug was detected up to 24 h. The elimination half-life and volume of distribution were 3.00 ± 0.18 h and 0.42 ± 0.02 L/kg, respectively. The distribution half-life, AUC and total body clearance (ClB) were 0.08 ± 0.002 h, 101 ± 7.65 μg/mL.h and 98.8 ± 6.06 mL/kg/h, respectively. To maintain a minimum therapeutic concentration of 1 μg/mL, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefepime in febrile buffalo calves would be 7 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.Istražena je farmakokinetika cefepima u bivolske teladi (n = 4) s pokusno izazvanom vrućicom nakon njegove jednokratne intravenske primjene (10 mg/kg). Vrućica je bila izazvana jednokratnom ili ponovljenom intravenskom primjenom lipopolisaharida bakterije E. coli (1 μg/kg). Farmakokinetika lijeka određivana je u uzorcima plazme mikrobiološkim postupkom upotrebom soja E. coli (MTCC 739). Farmakokinetičko ponašanje cefepima u febrilnih životinja opisano je na osnovi dva otvorena modela. U prvoj minuti koncentracija cefepima u plazmi iznosila je 40,8 ± 0,98 μg/mL, a u 15. se naglo smanjila na 23,0 ± 0,64 μg/mL. Lijek je bio dokazan do 24 sata nakon davanja. Poluvrijeme njegova izlučivanja iznosilo je 3,00 ± 0,18 h, a količina raspodjele 0,42 ± 0,02 L/kg. Poluvrijeme njegove raspodjele iznosilo je 0,08 ± 0,002 h, površine ispod koncentracijske krivulje u plazmi 101 ± 7.65 μg/mL, a ukupni klirens iz organizma (ClB) 98,8 ± 6,06 mL/kg/h. Za održavanje minimalne terapijske koncentracije od 1 μg/mL cefepim bi u febrilne bivolske teladi trebalo davati u dozi od 7 mg/kg s ponovljenom primjenom u razmaku od 12 sati

Review on Design of Improved Unified Power Quality Conditioner for Power Quality Improvement

Non-linear loads are frequently affected by power quality (PQ). Resonance mechanisms, condenser overheating, and other performance-degrading consequences are all caused by harmonic currents. Voltage sags are common in low-voltage systems. While harmonic currents are pumped into the grid, equipment like electrical converters improve the entire response of an equal load. The necessity for reactive power is well-known for lowering feeder voltage and increasing losses. Harmonic currents can cause a poor signal by distorting the waveform voltage. There's also a rise in the number of loads that need significant sinus tension to work correctly. People are getting more interested in power conditioning solutions as electronic devices become more power-sensitive. As a result, if the amount of electricity produced falls below a specified threshold, compensation must be supplied. The Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) is a type of AC transmission system that can manage voltage, impedance, and phase angle. UPQC (United Provinces and Territories (FACTS). A Dynamic Voltage Restorer, a Fuzzy Controlled Shunt Active Power Filter, and a UPQC are required to improve the power quality of the power system. DVRs (Dynamic Voltage Restorers) are power converters that are installed in responsive load arrays to protect against supply disruptions. Because of its short response time and high level of dependability, it is an excellent tool for increasing the quality of electrical power. The simulation results were compared to the basic system and enhanced to demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested system

On Color Energy of Few Classes of Bipartite Graphs and Corresponding Color Complements

For a given colored graph G, the color energy is defined as Ec(G) = Σλi, for i = 1, 2,…., n; where λi is a color eigenvalue of the color matrix of G, Ac (G) with entries as 1, if both the corresponding vertices are neighbors and have different colors; -1, if both the corresponding vertices are not neighbors and have same colors and 0, otherwise. In this article, we study color energy of graphs with proper coloring and L (h, k)-coloring. Further, we examine the relation between Ec(G) with the corresponding color complement of a given graph G and other graph parameters such as chromatic number and domination number. AMS Subject Classification: 05C15, 05C5

The Costs of Ecosystem Adaptation: Methodology and Estimates for Indian Forests

This paper presents a detailed methodology for estimating the cost of adaptation to climate change impacts on ecosystems. Up to date estimates are built-up following national investments in measures such as protected areas, with inaccurate estimates of the adaptation level needed. Here we propose a new methodology which identifies vulnerable areas due to climate impacts and the specific adaptation options feasible for these regions. An illustration of the methodology for shifts in forest ecosystems in India is presented. Advantages and future requirements for this methodology are finally discussed.Climate change, adaptation costs, forest ecosystems, India

Spiroplasma Arp Sequences: Relationships with Extrachromosomal Elements

Spiroplasmas, members of Class Mollicutes,/ are scattered over wide host and geographic niches. Those which are plant pathogenic, such as Spiroplasma citri, / are transmitted from plant to plant by homopteran insect vectors, leafhoppers, and cause devastating damages to several crops world-wide. A variety of model systems are available to study the transmission of phytopathogenic spiroplasmas by leafhoppers, their predominant vectors. Spiroplasma citri-Circulifer tenellus/ is one such system. Because spiroplasmas can be cultured in artificial media, they offer an excellent means to investigate the complex molecular interactions underlying the transmission of S. citri/ by the insect vector C. tenellus./ Evidence suggests that an S. citri/ membrane protein, spiroplasma adhesion related protein 1 (SARP1), is involved in the adhesion of S. citri / cells to tissue-cultured C. tenellus/ cells and, thus, is thought to be a putative adhesin. The gene encoding SARP1 ( arp1/) has been isolated, cloned and characterizeDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biolog