Does Eating a Meal before Testing Alter the Percent Body Fat Measurement Determined by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis?

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Does a Physical Education Bout Alter Percent Body Fat and the Adiposity Health Risk Classification When Using Leg-to-leg Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Girls?

Purpose: The purposes of this investigation were to determine: 1) whether a structured in-school physical education exercise bout altered percent body fat (%BF) determined by leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (LBIA); and 2) whether the potential exercise-induced %BF magnitude of change altered the health risk classification of the child. Methods: Seventy-six girls (age: 12.2 ± 1.0 yr; height: 153.9 ± 7.5 cm; body mass: 51.9 ± 15.5 kg; BMI: 21.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2) participated in this investigation. LBIA measured %BF values were obtained immediately before and within five minutes after completing a structured, in-school, physical education class. Results: Significant reductions (p \u3c 0.0001) in mean %BF (25.0 ± 10.2 vs. 24.4 ± 10.3 %) were observed for the group following the physical education class. For the majority of the girls (88%), the %BF alteration was less than ± 2.0 %BF. More specifically, the %BF magnitude of change was ± 1.0 %BF in 64.5% of the girls, between 1.1 and 2.0 %BF in 23.7% of the girls, and by more than 2.0 %BF in 11.8% of the girls. Regardless of the %BF magnitude of change, all girls remained in the same adiposity classification category (healthy vs. unhealthy body fat) following exercise. Conclusion: Adhering to the pre-test exercise guideline appears unnecessary when using LBIA to categorize the health risk of an adolescent girl

The Relationship between Aerobic Capacity and Bone Health in Young Women

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(1): 56-63, 2016. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and bone health in young women. Eighty-three participants (age=21.0±2.2 years; BMI=22.4±3.0 kg/m2) reported for testing on two occasions separated by 48 hours. During visit 1 body composition assessment via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and during visit 2, a VO2max test performed on a motorized treadmill. Weak correlations were found between absolute VO2max (L/min) and whole-body bone mineral density (WB-BMD: r=0.24, p=0.031) and whole-body bone mineral content (WB-BMC: r=0.37, p\u3c0.001). No relation between variables were observed when VO2max was expressed relative to body mass (mL/kg/min). Moderate correlations were observed between bone variables and body mass (WB-BMD: r=0.36, p\u3c0.001; WB-BMC: r=0.62, p\u3c0.001), fat-free mass (WB-BMD: r=0.45, p\u3c0.001; WB-BMC: r=0.54, p\u3c0.001), and fat mass (WB-BMD: r=0.31, p=0.004; WB-BMC: r=0.60, p\u3c0.001). Body mass, regardless of composition, was a stronger predictor of bone health than aerobic capacity in this sample of young women

Effect of Test Sequence on Maximal Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Achievement in Adults

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 657-665, 2021. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of test sequence on adults’ ability to achieve maximal aerobic and anaerobic power during a single assessment visit. Forty-one adults (24 men, 17 women; 22.0 ± 1.8 years) completed two baseline visits in randomized order consisting of either a maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) or Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). The subsequent experimental visit consisted of both V̇O2max and WAnT in randomized order separated by 20 minutes of rest. Mixed-model ANOVAs compared baseline and experimental performance between and within groups. Chi Squared Goodness of Fit tests determined if test sequence significantly affected V̇O2max criteria achievement. Significant interaction effects were observed for relative V̇O2max (p = 0.005), RER (p \u3c 0.001), and exercise time (p = 0.022). Within WAnT/V̇O2max subjects, these values significantly decreased from baseline to experimental tests. No differences were found for WAnT values. During the experimental session, 50% of subjects who performed WAnt/V̇O2max and 81% of subjects who performed V̇O2max/WAnT achieved a valid V̇O2max. Chi squared analysis found the change to be significant in WAnT/V̇O2max subjects only. Therefore, performing the WAnT before V̇O2max sequence significantly reduced the percent of subjects who achieved V̇O2max criteria. These findings indicate that the sequence of V̇O2max testing before a WAnT allowed maximal results similar to expected baseline values

Evaluation of Hand-to-Hand Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Estimating Percent Body Fat in Young Adults

Purposes were to (a) to examine the validity and precision of a hand-to-hand bioelectrical impedance analyzer (HBIA) and (b) to determine the effect of an acute sub-maximal aerobic exercise bout on HBIA percent body fat (%BF) measures. Forty-one young adults (21 women; 20 men) visited the laboratory for body composition assessment on two separate occasions. During the control session, %BF was assessed by HBIA twice, before and immediately after 30 min of rest, and once by air-displacement plethysmography (ADP), using the BOD POD, which was considered the criterion method for comparison. During the exercise session, HBIA %BF measurements were determined prior-to and immediately after 30 minutes of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise. HBIA significantly underestimated %BF in the total sample (mean difference (MD) = 1.4 ± 4.3%) and, when examined by gender, in the women (MD = 2.4 ± 4.1%). The standard errors of estimate (range 4.1-4.3%) also exceeded the recommended range for accuracy (\u3c3.5%). Following exercise, there was minimal, but statistically significant reduction in HBIA-measured %BF pre- to post-exercise for the total sample (19.6 ± 6.0 vs. 19.3 ± 6.0%; p = 0.011). HBIA underestimated %BF when compared to ADP and the individual prediction error exceeded current recommendations when assessing young adults. In addition, performing sub-maximal aerobic exercise prior to the assessment decreased the %BF estimate. When one factors the exercise-induced alterations with the currently observed tendency for HBIA to underestimate %BF, it is apparent that exercise may further reduce the accuracy of this method

The impact of body composition on energy expenditure during walking and running in young adults

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of body composition on energy expenditure (EE) of 164 young adults during a 1-mile walk and a 1-mile run on a treadmill. Segmental bioimpedance was used to measure body composition variables. The EE in men (108.3 ± 17.6 kcal) was greater than (P \u3c 0.05) women (80.3 ± 10.6 kcal) during the 1-mile walk, and the difference increased in magnitude during the 1-mile run (144.9 ± 23.2 kcal vs. 105.1 ± 14.9 kcal, respectively). When EE was expressed per unit of body mass, men and women were similar. However, women had a higher EE per unit of fat-free mass (FFM). Regardless of gender, running 1-mile resulted in a greater EE than walking 1-mile. In addition, men expended more absolute calories than women due to a higher body mass. When EE was examined relative to FFM, women were found to be less economical than men, which was most likely due to carrying larger amounts of inactive adipose tissue

Cardiac ouput dependency on exercising muscle mass

Fifteen young adult males participated in leg and arm ergometry with CO measured throughout incremental workloads. No significant difference exists for COabs (L·min-1) during leg ergometry between larger (14.34±4.93) and smaller (12.68±4.47) leg musculatures (P=0.067). During arm exercise, COabs was greater in participants with larger (20.25±9.60) versus smaller (13.73±4.89) arm musculatures (P\u3c0.01). During both exercise modalities, no difference exists between the subjects with larger and smaller musculatures for COrel (ml·kg-1·min-1). We conclude that differences exist in the CO response to matched submaximal exercise between larger and smaller muscle mass

Cardiac Output Dependency on Exercising Muscle Mass

Fifteen young adult males participated in leg and arm ergometry with CO measured throughout incremental workloads. No significant difference exists for COabs (L·min-1) during leg ergometry between larger (14.34±4.93) and smaller (12.68±4.47) leg musculatures (P=0.067). During arm exercise, COabs was greater in participants with larger (20.25±9.60) versus smaller (13.73±4.89) arm musculatures (P\u3c0.01). During both exercise modalities, no difference exists between the subjects with larger and smaller musculatures for COrel (ml·kg-1·min-1). We conclude that differences exist in the CO response to matched submaximal exercise between larger and smaller muscle mass

Effect of exercise intensity on percent body fat determined by leg-to-leg and segmental bioelectrical impedance analyses in adults

Purpose: We examined the impact that cycle ergometry exercise had on percent body fat (% BF) estimates when assessed using either leg-to-leg or segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (LBIA; SBIA) and whether the intensity of the exercise bout impacts the %BF magnitude of change. Method: Seventy-four college-aged adults participated in this study. Participants visited the laboratory on three separate occasions. Testing included two 30-min exercise sessions (70% HRmax and 85% HRmax) and a 30-min no-exercise session, which served as the control. Results: Following exercise, significant (p \u3c .05) reductions in mean %BF were observed when using LBIA (70% HRmax = 0.3%; 85% HRmax = 0.5%) and SBIA (70% HRmax = 0.8%; 85% HRmax = 1.4%). The mean %BF reductions were significantly (p \u3c .04) greater following exercise at the higher intensity for both analyzers. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that cycle exercise performed before LBIA and SBIA body composition assessment reduces mean %BF estimates. In addition, the %BF reductions were found to be larger at the higher end of the American College of Sports Medicine/American Heart Association recommended intensity range (85% HRmax) and when the SBIA analyzer was used to conduct the assessment. Copyright © AAHPERD