21 research outputs found
Executive functions in preschool children with aggressive behavior: impairments in inhibitory control
The question whether executive function (EF)
deficits in children are associated with conduct problems
remains controversial. Although the origins of aggressive
behavior are to be found in early childhood, findings from
EF studies in preschool children with aggressive behavior
are inconsistent. The current study aimed to investigate
whether preschool children with aggressive behavior show
impairments in EF. From a population-based sample, 82
preschool children who were showing aggressive behavior
as indicated by scores at or above the 93rd percentile on the
Aggressive Behavior Scale of the CBCL 1 1/2-5 were
selected. These children with aggressive behavior were
matched on IQ to a group of typically developing control
children (N=99). Six neuropsychological tasks were administered
to assess set shifting, inhibition, working memory
and verbal fluency. A factor analysis was conducted which
yielded one clear factor: inhibition. Aggressive preschool children showed poorer performance on this inhibition
factor than control children and boys performed worse on
this factor than girls. This association between aggressive
behavior and inhibition deficits was maintained after controlling
for attention problems. In addition, gender differences
in all EFs measured were found with boys exhibiting
more impairment in EF than girls. These findings demonstrate
that preschool children with aggressive behavior show
impairments in inhibition, irrespective of attention problems
CDC's COVID-19 International Vaccine Implementation and Evaluation Program and Lessons from Earlier Vaccine Introductions.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) supports international partners in introducing vaccines, including those against SARS-CoV-2 virus. CDC contributes to the development of global technical tools, guidance, and policy for COVID-19 vaccination and has established its COVID-19 International Vaccine Implementation and Evaluation (CIVIE) program. CIVIE supports ministries of health and their partner organizations in developing or strengthening their national capacities for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination programs. CIVIE's 7 priority areas for country-specific technical assistance are vaccine policy development, program planning, vaccine confidence and demand, data management and use, workforce development, vaccine safety, and evaluation. We discuss CDC's work on global COVID-19 vaccine implementation, including priorities, challenges, opportunities, and applicable lessons learned from prior experiences with Ebola, influenza, and meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine introductions
The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures
such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of
alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population
time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with
broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of
a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of
historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and
assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing
over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of
local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic
pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains
measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35)
biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains
more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than
1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering
plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans
and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is
therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used
by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database
is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses
of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk).
We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database
will be publicly available in 2015