Diaspora. Sentidos sociais e mobilidades haitianas

O termo “diáspora” foi objeto de inúmeras pesquisas, descrevendo as experiências das diásporas judaica, grega e armênia. A partir da década de 1990, o seu uso generalizou-se, tornando-se popular na linguagem cotidiana. Neste texto, procura-se privilegiar os conteúdos etnográficos do termo entre os haitianos, explorando os sentidos sociais da categoria de diaspora (e o campo semântico que ele delineia). Mostra-se como essa categoria é central para compreender os sentidos sociais da mobilidade no espaço (trans)nacional haitiano, qualificando pessoas, objetos, casas, dinheiro e ações.The term diaspora has been the subject of numerous studies describing the experiences Jewish, Greek and Armenian diasporas. From the 1990s, its use became widespread, making it common in everyday language. In this paper, we seek to focus the ethnographic content of the word among Haitians, exploring the social meanings of the category of diaspora (and the semantic field constitutes). It is shown how this is central category for understanding the social meanings of mobility in the Haitian (trans)national space, describing people, objects, houses, money and practices

DIÁSPORAS NEGRAS NO CONTEXTO PÓS-COLONIAL: DIALOGANDO COM INTELECTUAIS HAITIANOS

In this article, I approach the issue of the black diasporas in the postcolonial context, focusing on a literature produced from the point of view of black intellectuals (especially Caribbeans and Africans), some of them known and mentioned in the Brazilian racial studies, such as Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor and Frantz Fanon. In the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, there is a literature produced in Haiti through literary and sociopolitical movements – Indigène, Noirisme, Légitime Défense e Les Griots –, rightly questioning the colonial situations. These movements were crucial for the establishment of the bases of the black movement in 1930s, in France and in the Caribbean, and later for the consolidation of the postcolonial literature, but they are not mentioned in the racial studies in Brazil. This literature suggests that the Haitian Vodou and the créole (Haitian language) – two cultural identitarian elements from an African root – are expressions of the Haitian social world and their element of resistance against the colonial power.Neste artigo, abordo a questão das diásporas negras no contexto pós-colonial, privilegiando uma literatura produzida do ponto de vista dos intelectuais negros (especialmente caribenhos e africanos), alguns deles conhecidos e referenciados nos estudos raciais brasileiros, como Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor e Frantz Fanon. Na virada do século XIX para o XX, há uma literatura produzida no Haiti através de movimentos literários e sociopolíticos – Indigène, Noirisme, Légitime Défense e Les Griots –, questionando com propriedade as situações coloniais. Esses movimentos foram cruciais na edificação das bases do movimento da negritude na década de 1930 na França e no Caribe, e posteriormente para a consolidação da literatura pós-colonial, mas não são referenciados nos estudos raciais no Brasil. Essa literatura sugere que o Vodu e o créole (língua haitiana) – dois elementos identitários culturais de matriz africana – são expressões do mundo social haitiano e o seu elemento de resistência frente ao poder colonial

Maisons diasporas et maisons locales : mobilités haïtiennes et réseaux transnationaux

L’article a pour objectif d’analyser les rapports entre maisons et mobilités transnationales dans le monde social haïtien, ainsi que leurs modes de gouvernement. Il s’appuie sur des enquêtes ethnographiques prolongées, menées dans les villes de Fonds-des-Nègres, en Haïti et de Cayenne en Guyane française, permettant ainsi de suivre les trajectoires migratoires des Haïtiens. Est récurrent chez les Haïtiens l’usage du concept « diaspora » pour différencier les maisons : kay dyaspora (maison diaspora), kay lokal (maison locale) et kay nan dyaspora (maison en diaspora). L’article s’intéresse plus particulièrement à deux maisons, une « diaspora » et l’autre « locale » dans le but de montrer comment la construction des maisons et leur ameublement reflètent les liens que les Haïtiens en mobilité transnationale établissent entre eux, les lieux où ils se rendent et leurs maisons d’origine où ils ont parfois un eritaj (héritage). Dans quelle mesure la dynamique des maisons et leur différenciation éclairent-elles le monde social haïtien, notamment les mobilités transnationales de ses acteurs ? Comment, réciproquement, ce monde en mouvement nous renseigne-t-il sur la dynamique des maisons, leurs relations, sur les rapports entre les maisons et les objets qui les peuplent, sur les liens entre ceux qui partent et ceux qui restent sur place ? Comment se constitue le gouvernement des maisons ? Il n’y a pas de diaspora sans mobilité des personnes et il n’y a pas de mobilité sans maisons. Les « maisons diasporas » et les « maisons locales » donnent à lire les différentes dimensions de la culture et de la société haïtienne, notamment les hiérarchies socioéconomiques de ce pays.The objective of the article is to analyze the relationships between homes and transnational mobility in the Haitian social world, as well as their modes of government. It is based on prolonged ethnographic surveys, carried out in the cities of Fonds-des-Nègres, in Haiti, and Cayenne, in French Guiana, thus making it possible to follow the migratory trajectories of Haitians. A recurrent theme among Haitians is the use of the concept « diaspora » to differentiate homes : kay dyaspora (diaspora home), kay lokal (local home) and kay nan dyaspora (home in diaspora). The article focuses more specifically on two homes, one “diaspora” and the other “local” in order to show how the construction of the homes and their furnishings reflect the links that Haitians in transnational mobility establish between them, places they go to in contrast with their original homes where they sometimes have a heritage. To what extent do the dynamics of homes and their differentiation enlighten the Haitian social world, in particular the transnational mobilities of its actors? How, conversely, does this moving world inform us about the dynamics of homes, their relationships, the relationships between homes and the objects that populate them, the links between those who leave and those who stay in place? How is home governance constituted? There is no diaspora without mobility and there is no mobility without homes. The “diasporas homes” and the “local home” give an insight into the different dimensions of Haitian culture and society, in particular the socio-economic hierarchies of Haiti

A (i)mobilidade e a pandemia nas paisagens haitianas

A mobilidade é constitutiva das paisagens haitianas, no território nacional e na diáspora. Há décadas, boa parte da população circula em escalas local, nacional e transnacional em busca de uma vida melhor, visando contribuir para a manutenção econômica e emocional das pessoas que ficam. Este texto oferece um panorama dos efeitos dramáticos produzidos pelo novo coronavírus na mobilidade haitiana. Retornos voluntários e involuntários (como no caso das deportações dos Estados Unidos), diminuição sensível do envio de remessas em dinheiro, restrições ao comércio e ao vaivém entre o campo e a cidade, e entre a capital do país e os centros comerciais haitianos fora do território nacional (em especial na República Dominicana e na América do Norte) são algumas das consequências mais notáveis das restrições à mobilidade suscitadas pela pandemia. O artigo mostra as implicações econômicas e sociais e o sofrimento imposto pela imobilidade, ainda que, até o momento, os efeitos epidemiológicos do Sars-CoV-2 no Haiti estejam longe das predições dramáticas realizadas no início da pandemia.The mobility is constitutive of the Haitian landscapes, in the national territory and in the diaspora. For decades, a large part of the population has been moving on local, national and transnational scales to seek a better life and to contribute to the economic and emotional care of the people who stay. This text offers an overview of the dramatic effects produced by the new coronavirus on the Haitian mobility. Voluntary and compulsory returns (as in the case of deportations from the United States), a significant decrease in the sending of cash remittances, restrictions on trade and on the back and forth between the countryside and the city, and between the Haitian capital and commercial centers outside the national territory (especially in the Dominican Republic and North America), are some of the most notable consequences of the restrictions on mobility caused by the pandemic. The article shows the economic and social implications, and the suffering imposed by immobility, despite the fact that the epidemiological effects of SARS-CoV-2 in Haiti have so far been far behind the dramatic predictions made at the beginning of the pandemic

(I)mmobility and the pandemic in Haitian landscapes

A mobilidade é constitutiva das paisagens haitianas, no território nacional e na diáspora. Há décadas, boa parte da população circula em escalas local, nacional e transnacional em busca de uma vida melhor, visando contribuir para a manutenção econômica e emocional das pessoas que ficam. Este texto oferece um panorama dos efeitos dramáticos produzidos pelo novo coronavírus na mobilidade haitiana. Retornos voluntários e involuntários (como no caso das deportações dos Estados Unidos), diminuição sensível do envio de remessas em dinheiro, restrições ao comércio e ao vaivém entre o campo e a cidade, e entre a capital do país e os centros comerciais haitianos fora do território nacional (em especial na República Dominicana e na América do Norte) são algumas das consequências mais notáveis das restrições à mobilidade suscitadas pela pandemia. O artigo mostra as implicações econômicas e sociais e o sofrimento imposto pela imobilidade, ainda que, até o momento, os efeitos epidemiológicos do Sars-CoV-2 no Haiti estejam longe das predições dramáticas realizadas no início da pandemia.The mobility is constitutive of the Haitian landscapes, in the national territory and in the diaspora. For decades, a large part of the population has been moving on local, national and transnational scales to seek a better life and to contribute to the economic and emotional care of the people who stay. This text offers an overview of the dramatic effects produced by the new coronavirus on the Haitian mobility. Voluntary and compulsory returns (as in the case of deportations from the United States), a significant decrease in the sending of cash remittances, restrictions on trade and on the back and forth between the countryside and the city, and between the Haitian capital and commercial centers outside the national territory (especially in the Dominican Republic and North America), are some of the most notable consequences of the restrictions on mobility caused by the pandemic. The article shows the economic and social implications, and the suffering imposed by immobility, despite the fact that the epidemiological effects of SARS-CoV-2 in Haiti have so far been far behind the dramatic predictions made at the beginning of the pandemic

Black diasporas : negritudes on the move and movements of the negritudes

Este artículo introductorio al dossier temático trae a colación nuevos planteamientos en cuanto a la mirada que tenemos sobre las diásporas negras y con respecto a los marcos conceptuales y empíricos de los estudios sobre las movilidades. Está dividido en tres partes. En la primera, abordamos la teoría reciente sobre las diásporas, así como su historicidad, espacialidades y diversidades aplicadas al Atlántico negro. En la segunda, repasamos el debate académico en torno a las (in)movilidades en trayectorias extendidas como las registradas en los textos del dossier. Luego, nos acercamos a las geografías reconfiguradas por el paso y la instalación de personas negras en el continente americano. En la tercera parte, proponemos una sistematización en dos niveles: la contribución del dossier a los estudios sobre las movilidades y diásporas negras en las Américas y las líneas temáticas trabajadas. Por último, presentamos sucintamente cada uno de los textos.This introductory paper to the dossier brings up new approaches to black diasporas and to the conceptual and empirical frameworks of mobility studies. It is divided into three parts. In the first, we address recent theory on diaspora, as well as the historicity, spatialities and diversities as applied to the Black Atlantic. In the second, we review the scholarship in the field of (im) mobilities in extended trajectories such as those examined in the dossier. Then, we approach the geographies reconfigured by the transit and settlement of Black people in the Americas. In the third part, we propose a systematization on two levels: the contribution of the dossier to studies on Black mobilities and diasporas, and the thematic lines explored. Finally, we briefly present each paper

Attitudes to personality disorder of staff working in high and medium secure hospitals

The discourse surrounding personality disorder is largely negative, and the diagnosis is considered to be associated with a degree of stigma. This study aimed to investigate current staff attitudes to personality disorder in a high and a medium secure forensic-psychiatric hospital in the UK. Staff attitudes were assessed using the Attitude to Personality Disorder Questionnaire (Bowers & Allan, 2006). The questionnaire was completed electronically by 132 staff. Attitudes to personality disorder in the current study were significantly less positive than in comparable studies in similar settings. Having completed staff training surrounding personality disorder, and being from a non-nursing professional background, were the best predictors of positive attitudes to personality disorder. The findings of this study offer support to the pursuit of improving access to training in personality disorder in forensic settings