Differences in exchange rate pass-through in the euro area.

This paper focuses on the pass-through of exchange rate changes into the prices of imports made by euro area countries originating outside the area. Using data on import unit values for thirteen different product categories for each country, we estimate industry-specific rates of pass-through across and within countries for all euro members. In the short-run, pass-through rates differ across industries and countries and are less than one. In the longrun neither full pass-through nor equality of pass-through rates across industries and countries can be rejected. Differences exist across euro area countries in the degree that a common exchange rate movement gets transmitted into consumer prices and costs of production indices. Most of these differences in transmission rates are due to the distinct degree of openness of each country to non-euro area imports rather than to the heterogeneity in the structure of imports.Exchange rate; pass-through; euro; monetary union;

Non-linear adjustment of import prices in the European Union

This paper focuses on the non-linear adjustment of import prices in national currency to shocks in exchange rates and foreign prices measured in the exporters' currency of products originating outside the euro area and imported into European Union countries (EU-15). The paper looks at three different types of non-linearities: a) non-proportional adjustment (the size of the adjustment grows more than proportionally with the size of the misalignments); b) asymmetric adjustment to cost-increasing and cost-decreasing shocks, and c) the existence of thresholds in the size of misalignments below which no adjustment takes place. There is evidence of more than proportional adjustment towards long-run equilibrium in manufacturing industries. In these industries, the adjustment is faster the further away current import prices are from their implied long-run equilibrium. In contrast, a proportional linear adjustment cannot be rejected for some other imports (especially within agricultural and commodity imports). There is also strong evidence of asymmetry in the adjustment to long-run equilibrium. Deviations from long-run equilibrium due to exchange rate appreciations of the home currency result in a faster adjustment than those caused by a home currency depreciation. Finally, we also find that adjustment takes place in the industries in our sample only when deviations are above certain thresholds and that these thresholds tend to be somewhat smaller for manufacturing industries than for commodities.exchange rate adjustment; monetary union;

Cyclic metric Lie groups

Cyclic metric Lie groups are Lie groups equipped with a left-invariant metric which is in some way far from being biinvariant, in a sense made explicit in terms of Tricerri and Vanhecke's homogeneous structures. The semisimple and solvable cases are studied. We extend to the general case, Kowalski-Tricerri's and Bieszk's classifications of connected and simply-connected unimodular cyclic metric Lie groups for dimensions less than or equal to five

Bank Failure: Evidence from the Colombia Financial Crisis

This paper identifies the main bank specific determinants of bank failure during the financial crisis in Colombia using duration analysis. Using partial likelihood estimation, it shows that the process of failure of financial institutions during that period can be explained by differences in financial health and prudence across institutions. The capitalization ratio is the most significant indicator explaining bank failure. Increases in this ratio lead to a reduction in the hazard rate of failure at any given moment in time. Of special relevance, this ratio exhibits a non-linear component. Our results thus provide empirical support for existing regulatory practice. Other important variables explaining bank failure dynamics are bank's size and profitability.

BRIDGES FROM THE SEA: MARITIME CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN

This thesis is an observational study that investigates the systemic and domestic obstacles to proposed maritime confidence-building measures (MCBMs) between India and Pakistan. The impediments identified apply to a lack of general cooperation between the South Asian states; however, this thesis leverages prior academic work, which posits that the maritime issues are not only resolvable but may facilitate further momentum to address more contentious disputes. Following the introduction chapter, this study is partitioned into four sections to answer the question: why did the proposed MCBMs not hold between India and Pakistan? First, a thorough overview of the two relevant maritime issues, namely the Sir Creek dispute and the maritime boundary demarcation, are examined in tandem with MCBM progression and the implications left unresolved. Second, the systemic obstacle is argued by investigating 20th-century historical legacies and how they precipitated the social construction and institutionalization of enmity. Third, the domestic obstacle is posited by observing each state’s 21st-century media environments and how the fourth estate may contribute to hostility. Lastly, the conclusion argues for the urgent need for greater MCBMs, given the current maritime volatility in South Asia, and recommends proposals for the United States, India, and Pakistan.Lieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

Electrochemical reduction of carbamazepine in ethanol and water solutions using a glassy carbon electrode

The electrochemical reduction of carbamazepine in ethanol and water using a glassy carbon electrode has been studied. In all experimental conditions of scan rate and concentration of carbamazepine an irreversible cathodic wave was observed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical parameters and a plausible EqC mechanism have been reported from the electrochemical measurements and digital simulation. The values of thermodynamic E1/2 were correlated with solvent polarity parameters that it can be interesting for biological, pharmaceutical and forensic purposes. Limits of Detection (LOD) for DPV are 1.1 and 9.0 g/mL (4.65x10-6 and 3.81x10-5 M) in ethanol and water, respectively. The precision and recoveries obtained for tablets and plasma samples showed that the method could be successfully used for analysis

Impact of the gate oxide reliability of SiC MOSFETs on the junction temperature estimation using temperature sensitive electrical parameters

Bias temperature instability (BTI) is more problematic in SiC power MOSFETs due to the occurrence of higher interface state traps and fixed oxide traps compared to traditional silicon MOS interfaces where there are no carbon atoms degrading the atomically smooth Si/SiO2 interface. The use of temperature sensitive electrical parameters (TSEPs) for measuring the junction temperature and enabling health monitoring based on junction temperature identification is a promising technique for increasing the reliability of power devices, however in the light of increased BTI in SiC devices, this must be carefully assessed. This paper evaluates how BTI of SiC power MOSFETs under high temperature gate bias stresses affects the electrical parameters used as TSEPs and its impact on condition monitoring