Effects of the lava flows associated with the eruption of the volcano ot Cumbre vieja (2021) on the insular shelf and slope of La Palma island (Canary Islands)

Peer reviewe

Effects of the lava flows associated to the Tajogaite volcano eruption (2021) on the insular shelf and slope of La Palma island

The eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcano started on September 19, 2021, on the island of La Palma, following a seismic swarm that affected the southern half of the island. The lava flowed westward and reached the coastline 8 days later in the area between Punta de la Bombilla and Tazacorte harbour. Four oceanographic cruises on board the research vessels Ramón Margalef and Ángeles Alvariño (Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO-CSIC) aimed to (i) characterizing the petrologic features prior to the arrival of the lava flows into the coastline, (ii) assessing the variations of the water-magma system when the lava flowed into the sea, and (iii) evaluating the main changes in the system after the end of the eruption. High-resolution bathymetric maps obtained with the multibeam echosounder EM710, combined with submarine high- definition ROV LIROPUS images and rocks samples collected from the sea bottom, showed that lava flowed down the shelf and upper slope as block (aa) and pillow lava flows, being conditioned by small gullies on the upper slope. Significant morphological changes have been defined in the subaerial northern and southern lava deltas (areas of 5,4 and 43 ha, respectively), and on a submarine area of ~30 ha. Volcanic material has been identified as far as 1.2 km from the original coastline at ~305 m seawater depth. Preliminary petrographic studies determine that the began as tephrites and later evolved intro basanites with olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase phenocrysts within a glassy matrix with variable number of vesicles. The total volume of lava reaching the submarine environment is estimated of around 3 Mm3 with maximum thickness ca. 40 m along previous submarine slope gullies. Integrated with multidisciplinary analyses of the water column and ecosystem changes, this study will improve the knowledge of the magmatic evolution from depth up to eruption and will be useful for the risk management of future eruptive events.Peer reviewe

Development of Cheaper Embryo Vitrification Device Using the Minimum Volume Method

[EN] This study was designed to compare the efficiency of the Cryotop and Calibrated plastic inoculation loop (CPIL) devices for vitrification of rabbit embryos on in vitro development and implantation rate, offspring rate at birth and embryonic and fetal losses. CPIL is a simple tool used mainly by microbiologists to retrieve an inoculum from a culture of microorganisms. In experiment 1, embryos were vitrified using a Cryotop device and a CPIL device. There were no significant differences in hatched/hatching blastocyst stage rates after 48 h of culture among the vitrified groups (62±4.7% and 62±4.9%, respectively); however, the rates were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of the fresh group (95±3.4%). In experiment 2, vitrified embryos were transferred using laparoscopic technique. The number of implanted embryos was estimated by laparoscopy as number of implantation sites at day 14 of gestation. At birth, total offspring were recorded. Embryonic and fetal losses were calculated as the difference between implanted embryos and embryos transferred and total born at birth and implanted embryos, respectively. The rate of implantation and development to term was similar between both vitrification devices (56±7.2% and 50±6.8% for implantation rate and 40±7.1% and 35±6.5% for offspring rate at birth); but significantly lower than in the fresh group (78±6.6% for implantation rate and 70±7.2% for offspring rate at birth, P<0.05). Likewise, embryonic losses were similar between both vitrification devices (44±7.2% and 50±6.8%), but significantly higher than in the fresh group (23±6.6%, P < 0.05). However, fetal losses were similar between groups (10±4.4%, 15±4.8% and 8±4.2%, for vitrified, Cryotop or CPIL and fresh, respectively). These results indicate that the CPIL device is as effective as the Cryotop device for vitrification of rabbit embryos, but at a cost of 0.05 per device.This research was supported by the projects Spanish Research project AGL2014-53405-C2-1-P Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia (FMJ, JSV) and Generalitat Valenciana research program (Prometeo II 2014/036, JSV, FMJ).Marco Jiménez, F.; Jiménez Trigos, ME.; Almela-Miralles, V.; Vicente Antón, JS. (2016). Development of Cheaper Embryo Vitrification Device Using the Minimum Volume Method. PLoS ONE. 11(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148661S1911

From Magma Source to Volcanic Sink Under Tagoro Volcano (El Hierro, Canary Islands): Petrologic, Geochemical and Physiographic Evolution of the 2011–2012 Submarine Eruption

Active volcanoes are key laboratories to carry out detailed research -and monitoring- about the history of magmas before, during and after eruptions. Tagoro, the submarine active volcano at El Hierro Island (Canary archipelago), is a highly favorable case to assess and monitor its daily ongoing behaviour, as well as to study the links between the processes of magma genesis occurring at depth and their derived eruptive events at the surface. In this interdisciplinary research we combine new results of classical petrology (petrography, geochemistry, and thermodynamics) on the volcanic products expelled by Tagoro during the 2011–2012 eruption, with a high-resolution (5 m grid) bathymetry model carried out during 2017, and recent data from magnetometry, to refine the current knowledge of this eruption. Our results mainly reveal (i) slight magma differentiation and mixing processes at c. 12 km depth during a continuous eruptive pulse; (ii) a similar magmatic evolution and residence times at depth between previous and 2011–2012 eruptions on the island; (iii) an insignificant interaction of external fluids with the magma at depth or within the ascent conduit; (iv) a present-day magnetometric anomaly under the Tagoro’s area; (v) a minimum volume estimate for the magma withdrawn from the plumbing system at depth.This research was possible thanks to: (i) the funds provided by the MINECO and FEDER through the project VULCANO I (CTM2012-36317) and the project VULCANA (Vulcana-IEO-2015-2017) funded by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography, both granted to E.F.-N., that provided the oceanographic instruments, cruise and samples; (ii) the funds provided by the MINECO and MEC grants (Spanish Government) to A.M.A.-V. through the programs EXPLORA-CIENCIA (CGL2014—61775-EXP; MINECO), José Castillejo (CAS14-00189; MEC), and Programa Propio mod. 1B—2019 (USAL). J.M. is supported by EC Grant EVE (DG ECHO H2020 826292). A.P S is grateful for his PhD grant “Programa Propio III Universidad de Salamanca, cofounded by Banco de Santander”. H.A. is a Serra Húnter Lecturer Professor at the University of Barcelona. A-V specially thanks all the colleagues and friends who made possible this research starting from the ones designing the oceanographic campaigns, to those sharing their work on the vessel’s deck and acoustic lab, or carrying out geochemical analysis, as well as the undergraduate and graduate students involved in the research (some developing their master and graduate theses at USAL, e.g. I.N. and N.G., respectively). We also thank the careful and in-depth reviews by D. González García, an anonymous reviewer and editor. This research is also part of the PTI VOLCAN research initiatives.Peer reviewe

From magma source to volcanic sink under Tagoro Volcano (El hierro, Canary Islands): Petrologic, Geochemical and Physiographic Evolution of the 2011-2012 Submarine Eruption

Active volcanoes are key laboratories to carry out detailed research -and monitoring- about the history of magmas before, during and after eruptions. Tagoro, the submarine active vol- cano at El Hierro Island (Canary archipelago), is a highly favorable case to assess and monitor its daily ongoing behaviour, as well as to study the links between the processes of magma genesis occurring at depth and their derived eruptive events at the surface. In this interdisciplinary research we combine new results of classical petrology (petrography, geochemistry, and thermodynamics) on the volcanic products expelled by Tagoro during the 2011–2012 eruption, with a high- resolution (5 m grid) bathymetry model car- ried out during 2017, and recent data from magnetometry, to refine the current knowl- edge of this eruption. Our results mainly reveal (i) slight magma differentiation and mixing processes at c. 12 km depth during a continuous eruptive pulse; (ii) a similar mag- matic evolution and residence times at depth between previous and 2011–2012 eruptions on the island; (iii) an insignificant interaction of external fluids with the magma at depth or within the ascent conduit; (iv) a present-day magnetometric anomaly under the Tagoro’s area; (v) a minimum volume estimate for the magma withdrawn from the plumbing system at depth.MINECO and FEDER: VULCANO I (CTM2012-36317). Instituto Español de Oceanografía.VULCANA (Vulcana IEO-2015-2017). Instituto Español de OceanografíaMINECO AND MEC. EXPLORA-CIENCIA (CGL2014—61775-EXP)MINECO AND MEC. EXPLORA-CIENCIA (CAS14-00189; MEC)Programa Propio mod. 1B— 2019 (USAL)EC Grant EVE (DG ECHO H2020 826292)PhD grant “Programa Propio III Universidad de Salamanca, cofounded by Banco de Santander”The PTI VOLCAN research initiatives.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of factors leading to poor outcomes for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Mexico: a multi-institutional report of 2,116 patients

Background and aimsPediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survival rates in low- and middle-income countries are lower due to deficiencies in multilevel factors, including access to timely diagnosis, risk-stratified therapy, and comprehensive supportive care. This retrospective study aimed to analyze outcomes for pediatric ALL at 16 centers in Mexico.MethodsPatients &lt;18 years of age with newly diagnosed B- and T-cell ALL treated between January 2011 and December 2019 were included. Clinical and biological characteristics and their association with outcomes were examined.ResultsOverall, 2,116 patients with a median age of 6.3 years were included. B-cell immunophenotype was identified in 1,889 (89.3%) patients. The median white blood cells at diagnosis were 11.2.5 × 103/mm3. CNS-1 status was reported in 1,810 (85.5%), CNS-2 in 67 (3.2%), and CNS-3 in 61 (2.9%). A total of 1,488 patients (70.4%) were classified as high-risk at diagnosis. However, in 52.5% (991/1,889) of patients with B-cell ALL, the reported risk group did not match the calculated risk group allocation based on National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and PCR tests were performed for 407 (19.2%) and 736 (34.8%) patients, respectively. Minimal residual disease (MRD) during induction was performed in 1,158 patients (54.7%). The median follow-up was 3.7 years. During induction, 191 patients died (9.1%), and 45 patients (2.1%) experienced induction failure. A total of 365 deaths (17.3%) occurred, including 174 deaths after remission. Six percent (176) of patients abandoned treatment. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) was 58.9% ± 1.7% for B-cell ALL and 47.4% ± 5.9% for T-cell ALL, while the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 67.5% ± 1.6% for B-cell ALL and 54.3% ± 0.6% for T-cell ALL. The 5-year cumulative incidence of central nervous system (CNS) relapse was 5.5% ± 0.6%. For the whole cohort, significantly higher outcomes were seen for patients aged 1–10 years, with DNA index &gt;0.9, with hyperdiploid ALL, and without substantial treatment modifications. In multivariable analyses, age and Day 15 MRD continued to have a significant effect on EFS.ConclusionOutcomes in this multi-institutional cohort describe poor outcomes, influenced by incomplete and inconsistent risk stratification, early toxic death, high on-treatment mortality, and high CNS relapse rate. Adopting comprehensive risk-stratification strategies, evidence-informed de-intensification for favorable-risk patients and optimized supportive care could improve outcomes

Impact of treatment and clinical characteristics on the survival of children with medulloblastoma in Mexico

IntroductionData on medulloblastoma outcomes and experiences in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Latin America, is limited. This study examines challenges in Mexico’s healthcare system, focusing on assessing outcomes for children with medulloblastoma in a tertiary care setting.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted, involving 284 patients treated at 21 pediatric oncology centers in Mexico.ResultsHigh-risk patients exhibited markedly lower event-free survival than standard-risk patients (43.5% vs. 78.3%, p&lt;0.001). Influential factors on survival included anaplastic subtype (HR 2.4, p=0.003), metastatic disease (HR 1.9, p=0.001); residual tumor &gt;1.5cm², and lower radiotherapy doses significantly impacted event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Platinum-based chemotherapy showed better results compared to the ICE protocol in terms of OS and EFS, which was associated with higher toxicity. Patients under 3 years old displayed notably lower OS and EFS compared to older children (36.1% vs. 55.9%, p=0.01)

EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SOCIEDAD. SABERES LOCALES PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA SUSTENTABILIDAD

Este texto contribuye al análisis científico de varias áreas del conocimiento como la filosofía social, la patología, la educación para el cuidado del medio ambiente y la sustentabilidad que inciden en diversas unidades de aprendizaje de la Licenciatura en Educación para la Salud y de la Maestría en Sociología de la SaludLas comunidades indígenas de la sierra norte de Oaxaca México, habitan un territorio extenso de biodiversidad. Sin que sea una área protegida y sustentable, la propia naturaleza de la región ofrece a sus visitantes la riqueza de la vegetación caracterizada por sus especies endémicas que componen un paisaje de suma belleza