La réparation de l'ADN par la recombinaison homologue et le développement de molécules anticancéreuses

Le cancer est une cause majeure de décès dans le monde. Il est à présent établi que les mutations de l'information génétique des cellules initient et participent à son développement, et que certaines mutations transmises au sein des familles prédisposent à son apparition. C'est le cas notamment des mutations des gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2 qui prédisposent aux cancers du sein et de l'ovaire. Les protéines produites par ces gènes sont directement impliquées dans la protection de l'information génétique puisqu'elles participent à la réparation des cassures se produisant dans le support de cette information : l'ADN. L'ADN peut être endommagé par diverses lésions mais les plus déstabilisatrices de l'information génétique sont les cassures double-brin. Afin de protéger son génome, la cellule possède de nombreux mécanismes de réparation dont la recombinaison homologue qui permet une réparation fidèle, c'est-à-dire sans perte ou modification de l'information génétique, permettant ainsi de prévenir l'apparition du cancer. La recombinaison homologue repose principalement sur l'activité de la protéine RAD51 qui nécessite l'utilisation des médiateurs BRCA2 et PALB2. Tout comme les gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2, PALB2 est un gène suppresseur de tumeur et ses mutations ont été associées avec une susceptibilité aux cancers du sein, de l'ovaire et du pancréas. En plus de la chirurgie, le traitement de ces cancers implique la radiothérapie et la chimiothérapie. Celles-ci font l'objet d'intenses recherches afin de proposer de nouveaux traitements plus efficaces avec moins d'effets secondaires. De nouvelles stratégies chimiothérapeutiques ont notamment émergé et on s'oriente à présent vers le développement de traitements personnalisés qui sont basés sur une meilleure connaissance des spécificités moléculaires des tumeurs. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse apportent de nouvelles informations concernant le rôle de PALB2 dans la protection du génome lors du stress réplicatif et sur la régulation de ses fonctions par le contrôle de sa localisation cellulaire. Plus précisément, nous montrons que PALB2 et BRCA2 permettent de maintenir la Polymérase η au niveau des fourches de réplication bloquées et stimulent son activité de synthèse de l'ADN pour réinitier la réplication. Grâce à l'analyse de mutations germinales identifiées dans des cancers du sein et de l'ovaire, nous révélons la présence d'une séquence d'export nucléaire qui provoque l'exclusion de PALB2 du noyau vers le cytoplasme. Enfin, nous rapportons le développement d'une nouvelle molécule chimiothérapeutique, SFOM-0046, qui provoque des cassures double-brin de l'ADN en induisant un stress réplicatif et qui potentialise les effets de l'UCN-01, une molécule qui a été étudiée en clinique. Nous proposons l'utilisation de cette nouvelle molécule comme agent d'amélioration de thérapies ciblées existantes ou pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies anticancéreuses personnalisées

Investigation of the DNA damage response to SFOM-0046, a new small-molecule drug inducing DNA double-strand breaks

2-Ethylphenyl 4-(3-ethylureido)benzenesulfonate (SFOM-0046) is a novel anticancer agent that arrests cell cycle in S-phase and causes DNA replication stress leading to the phosphorylation of H2AX into -H2AX. First, using the M21, HT29, HT-1080 and HeLa cell lines, we confirmed that S-phase cell cycle arrest and -H2AX foci induction by SFOM-0046 is a general mechanism occurring in diverse cancer cell lines. In addition to γ-H2AX, SFOM-0046 activates preferentially ATR-Chk1 in M21 and HT29 cells while both ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways are activated in HCT116 cells. Colocalization of SFOM-0046-induced 53BP1 foci with -H2AX foci validates that the DNA damage generated corresponds to double-strand-breaks (DSBs). Consistent with an S-phase arrest, SFOM-0046 treatment induces RAD51 foci formation but not DNA-PKcs foci, confirming that homologous recombination is the major DSB repair pathway targeted by the drug. Furthermore, using isogenic HCT116 p53+/+ and HCT116 p53-/- cells, we showed that p53 plays a key role in the survival mechanism to SFOM-0046. Finally, SFOM-0046 exhibits a dose-dependent antitumor activity on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 tumours grafted onto chick chorioallantoic membranes without showing embryo toxicity even at high doses. Altogether, our results highlight SFOM0046 as a very promising drug that induces a replication stress response

EGFL7 regulates sprouting angiogenesis and endothelial integrity in a human blood vessel model

International audienceElucidating the mechanisms underlying sprouting angiogenesis and permeability should enable the development of more effective therapies for various diseases, including retinopathy, cancer, and other vascular disorders. We focused on epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) which plays an important role in NOTCH signaling and in the organization of angiogenic sprouts. We developed an EGFL7-knockdown in vitro microvessel model and investigated the effect of EGFL7 at a tissue level. We found EGFL7 knockdown suppressed VEGF-A-induced sprouting angiogenesis accompanied by an overproduction of endothelial filopodia and reduced collagen IV deposition at the basal side of endothelial cells. We also observed impaired barrier function which reflected an inflammatory condition. Furthermore, our results showed that proper formation of adherens junctions and phosphorylation of VE-cadherin was disturbed. In conclusion, by using a 3D microvessel model we identified novel roles for EGFL7 in endothelial function during sprouting angiogenesis

GST-His purification: a two-step affinity purification protocol yielding full-length purified proteins.

Key assays in enzymology for the biochemical characterization of proteins in vitro necessitate high concentrations of the purified protein of interest. Protein purification protocols should combine efficiency, simplicity and cost effectiveness. Here, we describe the GST-His method as a new small-scale affinity purification system for recombinant proteins, based on a N-terminal Glutathione Sepharose Tag (GST) and a C-terminal 10xHis tag, which are both fused to the protein of interest. The latter construct is used to generate baculoviruses, for infection of Sf9 infected cells for protein expression. GST is a rather long tag (29 kDa) which serves to ensure purification efficiency. However, it might influence physiological properties of the protein. Hence, it is subsequently cleaved off the protein using the PreScission enzyme. In order to ensure maximum purity and to remove the cleaved GST, we added a second affinity purification step based on the comparatively small His-Tag. Importantly, our technique is based on two different tags flanking the two ends of the protein, which is an efficient tool to remove degraded proteins and, therefore, enriches full-length proteins. The method presented here does not require an expensive instrumental setup, such as FPLC. Additionally, we incorporated MgCl2 and ATP washes to remove heat shock protein impurities and nuclease treatment to abolish contaminating nucleic acids. In summary, the combination of two different tags flanking the N- and the C-terminal and the capability to cleave off one of the tags, guaranties the recovery of a highly purified and full-length protein of interest

GST-His purification: A Two-step Affinity Purification Protocol Yielding Full-length Purified Proteins

Key assays in enzymology for the biochemical characterization of proteins in vitro necessitate high concentrations of the purified protein of interest. Protein purification protocols should combine efficiency, simplicity and cost effectiveness(1). Here, we describe the GST-His method as a new small-scale affinity purification system for recombinant proteins, based on a N-terminal Glutathione Sepharose Tag (GST)(2,3) and a C-terminal 10xHis tag(4), which are both fused to the protein of interest. The latter construct is used to generate baculoviruses, for infection of Sf9 infected cells for protein expression(5). GST is a rather long tag (29 kDa) which serves to ensure purification efficiency. However, it might influence physiological properties of the protein. Hence, it is subsequently cleaved off the protein using the PreScission enzyme(6). In order to ensure maximum purity and to remove the cleaved GST, we added a second affinity purification step based on the comparatively small His-Tag. Importantly, our technique is based on two different tags flanking the two ends of the protein, which is an efficient tool to remove degraded proteins and, therefore, enriches full-length proteins. The method presented here does not require an expensive instrumental setup, such as FPLC. Additionally, we incorporated MgCl(2) and ATP washes to remove heat shock protein impurities and nuclease treatment to abolish contaminating nucleic acids. In summary, the combination of two different tags flanking the N- and the C-terminal and the capability to cleave off one of the tags, guaranties the recovery of a highly purified and full-length protein of interest

Breast Cancer Proteins PALB2 and BRCA2 Stimulate Polymerase η in Recombination-Associated DNA Synthesis at Blocked Replication Forks

One envisioned function of homologous recombination (HR) is to find a template for DNA synthesis from the resected 3′-OH molecules that occur during double-strand break (DSB) repair at collapsed replication forks. However, the interplay between DNA synthesis and HR remains poorly understood in higher eukaryotic cells. Here, we reveal functions for the breast cancer proteins BRCA2 and PALB2 at blocked replication forks and show a role for these proteins in stimulating polymerase η (Polη) to initiate DNA synthesis. PALB2, BRCA2, and Polη colocalize at stalled or collapsed replication forks after hydroxyurea treatment. Moreover, PALB2 and BRCA2 interact with Polη and are required to sustain the recruitment of Polη at blocked replication forks. PALB2 and BRCA2 stimulate Polη-dependent DNA synthesis on D loop substrates. We conclude that PALB2 and BRCA2, in addition to their functions in D loop formation, play crucial roles in the initiation of recombination-associated DNA synthesis by Polη-mediated DNA repair

Cancer-causing mutations in the tumor suppressor PALB2 reveal a novel cancer mechanism using a hidden nuclear export signal in the WD40 repeat motif

One typical mechanism to promote genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer, is to inactivate tumor suppressors, such as PALB2. It has recently been reported that mutations in PALB2 increase the risk of breast cancer by 8-9-fold by age 40 and the life time risk is ∼3-4-fold. To date, predicting the functional consequences of PALB2 mutations has been challenging as they lead to different cancer risks. Here, we performed a structure-function analysis of PALB2, using PALB2 truncated mutants (R170fs, L531fs, Q775X and W1038X), and uncovered a new mechanism by which cancer cells could drive genomic instability. Remarkably, the PALB2 W1038X mutant, harboring a mutation in its C-terminal domain, is still proficient in stimulating RAD51-mediated recombination in vitro, although it is unusually localized to the cytoplasm. After further investigation, we identified a hidden NES within the WD40 domain of PALB2 and found that the W1038X truncation leads to the exposure of this NES to CRM1, an export protein. This concept was also confirmed with another WD40-containing protein, RBBP4. Consequently, our studies reveal an unreported mechanism linking the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of PALB2 mutants to cancer formation

TGF-beta and TNF-alpha cooperatively induce mesenchymal transition of lymphatic endothelial cells via activation of Activin signals.

Lymphatic systems play important roles in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and undergo anatomical and physiological changes during inflammation and aging. While lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) undergo mesenchymal transition in response to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of LECs remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of TGF-β2 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine, on EndMT using human skin-derived lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs). TGF-β2-treated HDLECs showed increased expression of SM22α, a mesenchymal cell marker accompanied by increased cell motility and vascular permeability, suggesting HDLECs to undergo EndMT. Our data also revealed that TNF-α could enhance TGF-β2-induced EndMT of HDLECs. Furthermore, both cytokines induced the production of Activin A while decreasing the expression of its inhibitory molecule Follistatin, and thus enhancing EndMT. Finally, we demonstrated that human dermal lymphatic vessels underwent EndMT during aging, characterized by double immunostaining for LYVE1 and SM22α. These results suggest that both TGF-β and TNF-α signals play a central role in EndMT of LECs and could be potential targets for senile edema

A Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Dependent Sprouting Angiogenesis Assay Based on an In Vitro Human Blood Vessel Model for the Study of Anti-Angiogenic Drugs

Angiogenesis is the formation of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels and participates in proper vasculature development. In pathological conditions such as cancer, abnormal angiogenesis takes place. Angiogenesis is primarily carried out by endothelial cells, the innermost layer of blood vessels. The vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and its receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) trigger most of the mechanisms activating and regulating angiogenesis, and have been the targets for the development of drugs. However, most experimental assays assessing angiogenesis rely on animal models. We report an in vitro model using a microvessel-on-a-chip. It mimics an effective endothelial sprouting angiogenesis event triggered from an initial microvessel using a single angiogenic factor, VEGF-A. The angiogenic sprouting in this model is depends on the Notch signaling, as observed in vivo. This model enables the study of anti-angiogenic drugs which target a specific factor/receptor pathway, as demonstrated by the use of the clinically approved sorafenib and sunitinib for targeting the VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 pathway. Furthermore, this model allows testing simultaneously angiogenesis and permeability. It demonstrates that sorafenib impairs the endothelial barrier function, while sunitinib does not. Such in vitro human model provides a significant complimentary approach to animal models for the development of effective therapies

Bundle Gel Fibers with a Tunable Microenvironment for in Vitro Neuron Cell Guiding

As scaffolds for neuron cell guiding in vitro, gel fibers with a bundle structure, comprising multiple microfibrils, were fabricated using a microfluidic device system by casting a phase-separating polymer blend solution comprising hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and sodium alginate (Na-Alg). The topology and stiffness of the obtained bundle gel fibers depended on their microstructure derived by the polymer blend ratio of HPC and Na-Alg. High concentrations of Na-Alg led to the formation of small microfibrils in a one-bundle gel fiber and stiff characteristics. These bundle gel fibers permitted for the elongation of the neuron cells along their axon orientation with the long axis of fibers. In addition, human-induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived dopaminergic neuron progenitor cells were differentiated into neuronal cells on the bundle gels. The bundle gel fibers demonstrated an enormous potential as cell culture scaffold materials with an optimal microenvironment for guiding neuron cells