La formación ciudadana en el nivel educativo Preuniversitario: una pequeña mirada a un gran problema (Original).

The citizenship training process represents a strategic component capable of transforming individuals in correspondence with the most significant values ​​of society. Hence, the purpose of this article is to assess citizen training at the Pre-university educational level in relation to the pedagogical process developed in this type of teaching. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of limitations in the citizenship training process at this educational level, manifested in the limited articulation of pathways and procedures for its development and the role of teachers, by not assessing as an essential objective of this process, the relationship between teaching, extra-teaching and extracurricular activities. Hence the need to make new theoretical contributions related to this problem and that contribute to the objectives proposed by the Ministry of Education.El proceso de formación ciudadana, representa un componente estratégico capaz de transformar individuos en correspondencia con los valores más significativos de la sociedad. De ahí que el presente artículo tiene como fin, valorar la formación ciudadana en el nivel educativo Preuniversitario en relación con el proceso pedagógico desarrollado en este tipo de enseñanza. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la existencia de limitaciones en el proceso de formación ciudadana en este nivel educativo, manifestado en la limitada articulación de vías y procedimientos para su desarrollo y el papel de los docentes, al no valorar como objetivo esencial de este proceso, la relación entre las actividades docentes, extradocentes y extraescolares. De ahí la necesidad de realizar nuevas aportaciones teóricas relacionadas con esta problemática y que contribuyan con los objetivos propuestos por el Ministerio de Educación

Visualized multiprobe electrical impedance measurements with STM tips using shear force feedback control

Here we devise a multiprobe electrical measurement system based on quartz tuning forks (QTFs) and metallic tips capable of having full 3D control over the position of the probes. The system is based on the use of bent tungsten tips that are placed in mechanical contact (glue-free solution) with a QTF sensor. Shear forces acting in the probe are measured to control the tip-sample distance in the Z direction. Moreover, the tilting of the tip allows the visualization of the experiment under the optical microscope, allowing the coordination of the probes in X and Y directions. Meanwhile, the metallic tips are connected to a current-voltage amplifier circuit to measure the currents and thus the impedance of the studied samples. We discuss here the different aspects that must be addressedwhenconductingthesemultiprobeexperiments,suchastheamplitudeofoscillation,shear force distance control, and wire tilting. Different results obtained in the measurement of calibration samples and microparticles are presented. They demonstrate the feasibility of the system to measure the impedance of the samples with a full 3D control on the position of the nanotips

Necesidad social de formar maestros primarios en el uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación (Original).

The present work is a review article, which addresses Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the social need to train primary teachers of upper secondary level in Cuban pedagogical schools, where they acquire professional skills for the use of ICT. The objective is to reflect on the social need to train primary teachers for the use of ICT in the current Pedagogical School. That is why, through a qualitative methodology of exploratory scope and an exhaustive documentary review of the essential elements in relation to the subject in question, the final reflections show the social need to encourage students to apply the use of technologies in contexts diverse and in daily life, integration, systematization and adaptation of ICTs on the basis of science, technology and technique, the development of society, management of scientific information through infotechnological tools, promoting and implementing strategies that facilitate student learning in technological scenarios and expansion of knowledge related to web 2.0 tools in coordination with the knowledge society.El presente trabajo es un artículo de revisión, el cual aborda las Tecnologías de la Información y las comunicaciones (TIC) y la necesidad social de formar maestros primarios de nivel medio superior en las escuelas pedagógicas cubanas, donde adquieran las habilidades profesionales para el uso de las TIC. El objetivo es reflexionar sobre la necesidad social de formar maestros primarios para el uso de las TIC en la Escuela Pedagógica actual. Es por ello, que a través de una metodología cualitativa de alcance exploratorio y una revisión documental exhaustiva de los elementos esenciales con relación al tema en cuestión, las reflexiones finales evidencian la necesidad social de propiciar que los estudiantes apliquen el uso de las tecnologías en contextos diversos y en la vida cotidiana, integración, sistematización y adaptación de las TIC sobre la base de la ciencia, la tecnología y la técnica, el desarrollo de la sociedad, gestión de información científica a través de herramientas de infotecnologías, promover e instrumentar estrategias que faciliten el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en escenarios tecnológicos y ampliación de saberes relacionados con las herramientas de la web 2.0 en articulación con la sociedad del conocimiento

Valoración de modelo pedagógico y estrategia para la formación en TIC del maestro primario

El presente artículo hace referencia a la valoración de la pertinencia de un modelo pedagógico y su estrategia para la preparación en el uso de las TIC, que fueron sometidos a evaluación antes de su introducción en la práctica educativa a través del método de criterio de expertos y criterio de usuarios, por parte de la comunidad científica especializada. La propuesta se sustenta en los resultados de una tesis de doctorado en Ciencias de la Educación y del proyecto “Perfeccionamiento de la formación profesional a través de la modalidad de Educación a Distancia (FORMAD)”.PALABRAS CLAVE: estrategia pedagógica, formación, TIC, criterio de expertos.Assessment of a pedagogical model and the Strategy for the preparation in the use of ICTABSTRACTThis article refers to the assessment of the relevance of a pedagogical model and its strategy for the preparation in the use of ICT, which were subjected to evaluation before their introduction into educational practice through the criterion method of experts and user criteria, by the specialized scientific community. The proposal is based on the results of a doctoral thesis in Educational Sciences and the project "Improvement of professional training through the Distance Education modality (FORMAD)".KEYWORDS: pedagogical strategy, training, ICT, expert criteria

Finite Element Analysis of Electrically Excited Quartz Tuning Fork Devices

Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF)-based Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is an important field of research. A suitable model for the QTF is important to obtain quantitative measurements with these devices. Analytical models have the limitation of being based on the double cantilever configuration. In this paper, we present an electromechanical finite element model of the QTF electrically excited with two free prongs. The model goes beyond the state-of-the-art of numerical simulations currently found in the literature for this QTF configuration. We present the first numerical analysis of both the electrical and mechanical behavior of QTF devices. Experimental measurements obtained with 10 units of the same model of QTF validate the finite element model with a good agreement

European Registry on Helicobacter pylori Management: Effectiveness of First and Second-Line Treatment in Spain

The management of Helicobacter pylori infection has to rely on previous local effectiveness due to the geographical variability of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of first and second-line H. pylori treatment in Spain, where the empirical prescription is recommended. A multicentre prospective non-interventional registry of the clinical practice of European gastroenterologists concerning H. pylori infection (Hp-EuReg) was developed, including patients from 2013 until June 2019. Effectiveness was evaluated descriptively and through a multivariate analysis concerning age, gender, presence of ulcer, proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) dose, therapy duration and compliance. Overall, 53 Spanish hospitals were included, and 10,267 patients received a first-line therapy. The best results were obtained with the 10-day bismuth single-capsule therapy (95% cure rate by intention-to-treat) and with both the 14-day bismuth-clarithromycin quadruple (PPI-bismuth-clarithromycin-amoxicillin, 91%) and the 14-day non-bismuth quadruple concomitant (PPI-clarithromycin-amoxicillin-metronidazole, 92%) therapies. Second-line therapies were prescribed to 2448 patients, with most-effective therapies being the triple quinolone (PPI-amoxicillin-levofloxacin/moxifloxacin) and the bismuth-levofloxacin quadruple schemes (PPI-bismuth-levofloxacin-amoxicillin) prescribed for 14 days (92%, 89% and 90% effectiveness, respectively), and the bismuth single-capsule (10 days, 88.5%). Compliance, longer duration and higher acid inhibition were associated with higher effectiveness. "Optimized" H. pylori therapies achieve over 90% success in Spain

The role of statins on helicobacter pylori eradication : Results from the european registry on the management of h. pylori (hp-eureg)

Funding: This project was promoted and funded by the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), the Spanish Association of Gastroenterology (AEG), and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Slavery and the african cultural legacy in the Caribbean

Con autorización de la editorial para este libro.[EN] The purpose of this book is to raise awareness among a wide audience of one of the most significant and shameful phenomena for humanity, as was the enslavement of over twelve and a half million Africans who were brought to America and forced to work and live as slaves. Many countries participated in the slave trade at different times and withvaried intensity (Great Britain, Portugal, France, Spain, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, United States...).[ES] El propósito de esta obra es dar a conocer a un público amplio uno de los fenómenos de mayor trascendencia y vergüenza para la humanidad como fue la esclavización de más de doce millones y medio de africanos que fueron trasladados a América, obligados a trabajar y vivir como esclavos. Muchos países participaron en la trata de esclavos en distintos momentos y con diferente intensidad (Gran Bretaña, Portugal, Francia, España, Dinamarca, Países Bajos, Alemania, Estados Unidos…).Connected Worlds: The Caribbean, Origin of Modern World. This project has received funding from the European Union´s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement Nº 823846. This project is directed by professor Consuelo Naranjo Orovio, Institute of History-CSIC.Peer reviewe

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections