AIC and BIC for cosmological interacting scenarios

In this work we study linear and non-linear cosmological interactions, which depend on dark matter and dark energy densities in the framework of General Relativity. By using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) with data from SnIa (Union 2.1 and binned JLA), H(z), BAO and CMB we compare the interacting models among themselves and analyze whether more complex interacting models are favored by these criteria. In this context, we find some suitable interactions that alleviate the coincidence problem.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures, minor changes, file replaced to match published version to appear in EPJ

Formulación del plan de ordenación y manejo de la microcuenca "Payacas" en el municipio de Tuquerres, Departamento de Nariño

Las microcuencas hidrográficas son unidades físicas en las cuales tienen lugar todos los procesos naturales, son asimismo la unidad natural y lógica para el desarrollo agrícola, ambiental y socioeconómico. El deterioro ambiental al que han sido sometidas las zonas de vida de las comunidades rurales en Colombia, se debe a la dinámica histórica de la nación, expresada en la alta tasa de concentración de la tierra, la marginación, la pobreza, el desconocimiento que tiene la sociedad campesina e indígena ante los aparatos estatales y a la falta de soluciones a la problemática agraria y urbana, aspectos que han favorecido el desplazamiento y la violencia desde los tiempos mismos de la ¿independencia de la república en 1810¿. Estos desplazamientos han traído consigo consecuencias graves relacionados a la degradación del suelo, el agua, la biodiversidad florística y faunística, la hidrometeorología y la climatología de las regiones, cambiándose drásticamente el orden natural y el equilibrio de estos frágiles ecosistemas, especialmente los relacionados a las cuencas hidrográficas. Con el crecimiento demográfico y el aumento de las necesidades de urbanización, industrialización y producción de alimentos se han generado procesos acelerados de degradación ambiental que afectan a gran parte del territorio nacional, los cuales, se encuentran asociados especialmente a zonas de alta montaña provocando problemas en la regulación de caudales, pérdida de biodiversidad y disminución de la productividad de los suelos

Modeling Free Chlorine And Chloramine Decay In A Pilot Distribution System

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect that water quality, pipe material, pipe size, flow conditions and the use of corrosion inhibitors would have on the rate of free chlorine and chloramine decay in distribution systems. Empirical models were developed to predict the disinfectant residual concentration with time based on the parameters that affected it. Different water treatment processes were used to treat groundwater and surface water to obtain 7 types of finished waters with a wide range of water quality characteristics. The groundwater was treated either by conventional treatment by aeration (G1) or softening (G2) or high pressure reverse osmosis (RO) and the surface water was treated either by enhanced coagulation, ozonation and GAC filtration (CSF-O3-GAC or S1) or an integrated membrane system (CSF-NF or S2). The remaining two water types were obtained by treating a blend of G1, S1 and RO by softening (S2) and nanofiltration (G4). A pilot distribution systems (PDS) consisting of eighteen (18) lines was built using old pipes obtained from existing distribution system. The pipe materials used were polyvinyl chloride (PVC), lined cast iron (LCI), unlined cast iron (UCI) and galvanized steel (G). During the first stage of the study, the 7 types of water were blended and fed to the PDS to study the effect of feed water quality changes on PDS effluent water quality, and specifically disinfectant residual. Both free chlorine and chloramines were used as disinfectant and the PDSs were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 2 and 5 days. The PDSs were periodically tested for free and combined chlorine, organic content, temperature, pH, turbidity and color. The data obtained were used to develop separate models for free chlorine and chloramines. The best fit model was a first-order kinetic model with respect to initial disinfectant concentration that is dependent on the pipe material, pipe diameter and the organic content and temperature of the water. Turbidity, color and pH were found to be not significant for the range of values observed. The models contain two decay constants, the first constant (KB) accounts for the decay due to reaction in the bulk liquid and is affected by the organics and temperature while the second constant, KW, represents the reactions at the pipe wall and is affected by the temperature of the water and the pipe material and diameter. The rate of free chlorine and chloramine decay was found to be highly affected by the pipe material, the decay was faster in unlined metallic pipes (UCI and G) and slower in the synthetic (PVC) and lined pipes (LCI). The models showed that the rate of disinfectant residual loss increases with the increase of temperature or the organics in the water irrespective of pipe material. During the second part of the study, corrosion control inhibitors were added to a blend of S1, G1 and RO that fed all the hybrid PDSs. The inhibitors used were: orthophosphate, blended ortho-polyphosphate, zinc orthophosphate and sodium silicate. Three PDSs were used for each inhibitor type, for a total of 12 PDSs, to study the effect of low, medium and high dose on water quality. Two PDSs were used as control, fed with the blend without any inhibitor addition. The control PDSs were used to observe the effect of pH control on water quality and compare to the inhibitor use. One of the control PDSs (called PDS 13) had the pH adjusted to be equal to the saturation pH in relation to calcium carbonate precipitation (pHs) while the pH of the other control PDS (PDS 14) was adjusted to be 0.3 pH units above the pHs. The disinfectant used for this part of the study was chloramine and the flow rates were set to obtain a HRT of 2 days. The chloramine demand was the same for PDS 14 and all the PDSs receiving inhibitors. PDS 13 had a chloramine demand greater than any other PDS. The lowest chloramine demand was observed in PDS 12, which received silicate inhibitor at a dose of 12 mg/L, and presented the highest pH. The elevation of pH of the water seems to reduce the rate of decay of chloramines while the use of corrosion inhibitors did not have any effect. on the rate of chloramine decay. The PDS were monitored for chloramine residual, temperature, pH, phosphate, reactive silica, and organic content. Empirical models were developed for the dissipation of chloramine in the pilot distribution systems as a function of time, pipe material, pipe diameter and water quality. Terms accounting for the effect of pH and the type and dose of corrosion inhibitor were included in the model. The use of phosphate-based or silica-based corrosion inhibitors was found to have no effect on the rate of chloramine dissipation in any of the pipe materials. Only the increase of pH was found to decrease the rate of chloramine decay. The model to best describe the decay of chloramine in the pilot distribution systems was a first-order kinetic model containing separate rate constants for the bulk reactions, pH effect and the pipe wall reactions. The rate of chloramine decay was dependent on the material and diameter of the pipe, and the temperature, pH and organic content of the water. The rate of chloramine decay was low for PVC and LCI, and more elevated in UCI and G pipes. Small diameter pipes and higher temperatures increase the rate of chlorine decay irrespective of pipe material. Additional experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of flow velocity on chloramine decay in a pilot distribution system (PDS) for different pipe materials and water qualities. The experiments were done using the single material lines and the flow velocity of the water was varied to obtain Reynolds\u27 numbers from 50 to 8000. A subset of experiments included the addition of blended orthophosphate corrosion inhibitor (BOP) at a dose of 1.0 mg/L as P to evaluate the effect of the inhibitor on chloramine decay. The effect of Reynolds\u27 number on the overall chloramine decay rate (K) and the wall decay rate constant (W) was assessed for PVC, LCI, UCI, and G pipes. PVC and LCI showed no change on the rate of chloramine decay at any flow velocity. UCI and G pipes showed a rapid increase on the wall decay rate under laminar conditions (Re ≤ 500) followed by a more gradual increase under fully turbulent flow conditions (Re ≥ 2000). The use of the BOP inhibitor did not have an effect on the rate of chloramine decay for any of the pipe materials studied. Linear correlations were developed to adjust the rate of chloramine decay at the pipe wall for UCI and G depending on the Reynolds\u27 number

Comunicación interna y manejo de conflictos en la Dirección Regional de Educación del Callao, Bellavista, 2023

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo general determinar la relación entre comunicación interna y manejo de conflictos en la Dirección Regional de Educación del Callao, tomando como referencia para la comunicación interna a los autores Oyarvide, Reyes y Montaño (2017) y para el manejo de conflictos a Fuquen (2003). En la metodología se utilizó la investigación básica, respecto al diseño se utilizó no experimental transeccional o transversal, y el enfoque es cuantitativo y el nivel correlacional. Así mismo se contó con una muestra de 96 trabajadores, el cuestionario permitió la obtención de datos que fueron analizados en el programa de SPSS Statistics. Los resultados obtenidos indican que ambas variables se relacionen significativamente de acuerdo a la medida de Spearman 0,474 esto quiere decir que tiene una correlación positiva media y altamente significativo = 0,000. Concluyendo que existe relación directa y significativa entre la comunicación interna y el manejo de conflictos en la Dirección Regional de Educación del Callao – DREC

The Impact of the Crisis on Corporate Responsibility: The Case of UN Global Compact Participants in the USA

This study is one of the first that examines the impact of the current economic crisis on business and non-business sector’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. We focus on one key CSR initiative, namely, the United Nations Global Compact (GC). Using survey data from a sample of GC participants in the US, we find that those reporting high CSR integration (i.e. into their policies, programs, performance, and goals), and those reporting lesser conformity to the active GC principles will be affected more by the crisis. Content analysis of CEO statements revealed critical obstacles in managing the risks and opportunities during the economic downturn

Multi-stakeholder CSR Initiatives The Case of Engagement in Global Compact Local Networks

Participants in the United Nations Global Compact (UN Global Compact or GC) have the option to join Global Compact Local Networks (GCLNs), which are formed voluntarily by participants to promote the GC and its principles at the local level and to deepen their learning experience in the area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by facilitating collaboration and collective action, grounded in local cultures and communities. The role these networks play in affecting member behaviour in terms of enhancing their CSR efforts and implementing the ten GC principles has not received much empirical attention in literature. Using survey data from Spain—one of the first countries to organize a GCLN—we find that local network members report more positive outcomes in terms of implementing the GC principles, improving their understanding of CSR, and improving their CSR and business networking in comparison to non-members. Our study suggests that local networks provide a critical mechanism for the GC that allows participants to engage in deeper implementation of the ten GC principles and enhance their social and environmental practices through best practice exchange and learning. We discuss the implications of these findings for scholars and practising managers

Análisis del procedimiento conciliatorio extrajudicial con acuerdo total en derecho de tenencia de menores en el distrito de Independencia - 2022

La presente tesis se efectuó con el objetivo de analizar si en los procedimientos conciliatorios extrajudiciales se logra un acuerdo total respecto al derecho de tenencia de menores en el distrito de independencia 2022. Además, se empleó el enfoque cualitativo y de diseño teoría fundamentada, utilizándose como instrumento la entrevista a expertos especialistas en el tema de investigación. En lo referido a la participación, se tuvo como colaboradores a cinco directores de centros de conciliación privados en el distrito de estudio, Independencia. Posteriormente se procesó la información recolectada utilizando la técnica de análisis de datos para alcanzar una discusión con lo obtenido y posteriormente se concluyó que mediante la conciliación extrajudicial en materia de tenencia sí se puede alcanzar acuerdos totales únicamente si dentro del procedimiento conciliatorio existe la voluntad plena de acuerdo entre los progenitores, comunicación asertiva, diferenciación del rol de padres, respeto al principio del interés superior de los niños y adolescentes

Efecto de la integración física en regiones próximas a la Interoceanica: un análisis económico para el Brasil y Perú

Este estudio tiene como objetivo probar empíricamente los objetivos de la integración física, específicamente los aspectos económicos. Ese tema pasa a ser relevante en las condiciones actuales, donde la búsqueda por nuevas formas de fortalecer las relaciones bilaterales y el comercio pueden servir de debate para el crecimiento de las regiones menos desarrolladas. Los resultados indican un beneficio no homogéneo de la integración física vinculado al mayor flujo comercial entre los dos países bajo estudio. El efecto frontera evidencia un efecto positivo para las regiones del Brasil y negativo para las regiones del Perú.This study aims to prove empirically the objectives of physical integration, specifically economic aspects. This topic becomes relevant under current conditions, where the search for new ways to strengthen bilateral relations and trade can serve as a debate for the growth of less developed regions. The results indicate a non-homogenous benefit of the physical integration linked to the greater commercial flow between the two countries under study. The border effect shows a positive effect for the regions of Brazil and negative for the regions of Peru

Sistema de control interno y las cuentas por cobrar en la empresa supermercados “La Inmaculada S.A.C”, Tarapoto 2021

La investigación realizada tuvo como objeto de estudio fue describir como es Sistema de Control interno y la gestión de las cuentas por cobrar de Supermercados La Inmaculada SAC de la ciudad de Tarapoto 2021. Donde el tipo de estudio fue aplicado, con un diseño de estudio de caso, transversal, de enfoque cualitativa, los participantes fueron: la contadora general, las encargadas de área de crédito y cobranza. La técnica empleada fue la entrevista y como instrumento se utilizó una guía de entrevista, los resultados del estudio muestra que no existe de un sistema de control que apoye de forma conveniente en la toma de decisiones, llegando a prever futuros omisiones dentro de los procesos de cobro lo que afecta la solvencia económica, no existir un instrumento que ayude a prevenir los posibles errores impidiendo que la empresa no logre un apropiado control interno, no existe un adecuado proceso de toma de decisiones que mejoren el desempeño, donde los procesos no se encuentran estandarizados, por tal motivo se debe crear y aplicar políticas de cobranza, se concluye que el control interno y las cuentas por cobrar en Supermercados la Inmaculada SAC. son deficientes