Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú in Association with Graminaceae in Dryland Conditions for Final Bovine Fattening Stage

To evaluate the factors that affect efficiency in a Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú association, with pastures for bovine fattening, 22 Zebu fattening cycles were studied on a farm of the Rectangulo Livestock Company, in Camagüey, Cuba, between 2002 and 2012. The local soil is brown without carbonates. The climate is tropical humid, and the annual precipitation average is 1 183mm. The factors evaluated were food balance, duration of the fattening cycle, and quantity of animals/cycle. The daily weight gain and expenses/income per operation were also analyzed. The pasture and Leucaena percentages were determined by plant counts. Food balances were estimated. The final value of the population of Leucaena cv Perú was 93% (P <0.05), with an increase in common Bermuda grass and other pastures. Short duration tests showed much higher gains (P <0.05), with values above 1.0 kg/animal/day. The number of animal/cycle (P <0.05) produced higher gains with fewer animals. Forest-grazing in association with Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú-graminaceae under dryland conditions produced mean daily gains above 0.800 kg/animal/day in the final stage of fattening bulls, based on food balances with adequate biological and economic results. The best behavior was observed in the shortest cycles, where the highest final weight/animal values were achieved, with fewer expenses and higher income

Effects of Milled Maize Stalks on the Productive Response of Grazing Dairy Cows.

The productive response of grazing dairy cows was evaluated, using milled corn stalks in the diet. The study was developed in two different settings, in Ecuador (Costa and Sierra regions). On the coast farm (29.1 ha), cows grazed on Bermuda grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) with several types of legumes (Lysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia), supplemented with corn stalks cv. INIAP 125. The animals received 0.46 kg beginning at 3 kg, and milled maize stalks in 30 and 28-day periods, respectively (M-30 and M-28), and control without stalks for 36 days (M-0). The farm in the other region (14.2 ha) had 23 cows grazing on Kikuyo grass (P. clandestinum) and ryegrass-white clover (L. perenne and whole maize stalks and T. (60-70% ripe grain), at a rate of 18 kg green/cow/day for 48 days; and balanced supplement, at a rate of 0.5 kg/ milk liter, after the fourth kilogram, along with minerals. In both cases the forage had effects (P < 0.05) on cow response. In the Sierra area, the increase was 1.68 kg/cow, and in the coast, it was 1.1 and 2.5 kg/cow). Maize stalks served as a nutritional complement for poorly consumed grass areas in both regions; milk production/animal was increased, and the costs were reduced

Bio-economic Impact of Strategic Changes in Murrah River Buffalo Management

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of changes in the strategy to manage the bio-economic efficiency of a Murrah Buffalo production system in the province of Camagüey, Cuba, located 21º north and 77º west, 217 meters above sea level. The climate is tropical humid (Aw) of plains. The mean annual precipitations were 1 180 mm (71% between May and October), the temperatures were between 24 and 29 °C. The soil is brown, without carbonates, and brown-red fersiallitic. The system comprises 5 100 ha and has 536 workers/year. A strategy to introduce management changes in agro-technical, food, reproductive, replacement, health, salary policy, and training was implemented as part of an innovation package with a systemic and participatory approach. The evaluation lasted eight years, and it was critical to increase dairy production in more than 200 000 kg/year in 2012, in comparison to 2004, with improvements in natality and reduction of operational expenses of the system. It was concluded that the strategy had a determining effect on the system's indicators

Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú asociada con gramíneas en secano para ceba final bovina

To evaluate the factors that affect efficiency in a Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú association with pastures for bovine fattening, 22 Zebu fattening cycles were studied on a farm of the Rectángulo Livestock Company, in Camagüey, Cuba, between 2002 and 2012. The local soil is brown without carbonates. The climate is tropical humid, and annual precipitation averages 1 183 mm . The factors evaluated were, food balance, duration of the fattening cycle, and quantity of animals/cycle. The daily weight gain and expenses/income per operation were also analyzed. The pasture and Leucaena percents were determined by plant counts. Food balances were made. Leucaena cv Perú reached final values of 93 % (P < 0.05) with an increase in common Bermuda grass and others. Short duration tests showed much higher gains (P < 0.05), with values above 1.0 kg/animal/day. The number of animal/cycle (P < 0.05) produced higher gains with fewer animals. Forest grazing in association with Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú-graminaeae in drylands produced mean daily gains above 0.800 kg/animal/day in the final stage of fattening bulls, according to food balances with adequate biological and economic results, and the best behavior in the shortest cycles, where the highest final weight/animal values were achieved, with fewer expenses and higher income.Con el objetivo de evaluar factores que afectan la eficiencia en una asociación de Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú con pastos para ceba final de bovinos, se analizaron desde el 2002 al 2012, 22 ciclos de ceba de toros Cebú en una finca de la Empresa Pecuaria Rectángulo de ceba en Camagüey, Cuba. El suelo es Pardo sin Carbonatos. El clima es tropical húmedo (Aw) y precipitación anual de 1 183 mm . Los factores evaluados fueron: balance alimentario, duración de ciclo de ceba y cantidad de animales/ciclo. Se analizaron índices de ganancia diaria de peso, gastos e ingresos por operación. Se determinaron los por cientos de pastos y Leucaena por conteo de plantas. Se realizaron balances alimentarios. Leucaena cv Perú alcanzó valores finales del 93 % (P < 0,05) en su población, con incremento de Guinea común y otros pastos. Las pruebas de corta duración logran ganancias muy superiores (P < 0,05) con valores por encima de 1,0 kg/animal/día. El número de animales/ciclo afectó (P < 0,05) por mayores ganancias con menos animales. La tecnología de silvopastoreo con asociación de Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú-gramíneas en secano, permitió obtener ganancias medias diarias por encima de 0,800 kg/animal/día en toros de ceba final evaluadas por balances alimentarios con resultados biológicos y económicos muy adecuados y el mejor comportamiento para los ciclos más cortos, donde se obtuvieron los mayores pesos finales/animal, con menos gastos por suplementos y mayores ingresos

Efectos de la suplementación con microminerales en indicadores de producción y su residualidad en sangre, heces y orina de alpacas (Lama lama) en pastoreo.

Con el objetivo de analizar el efecto del nivel de suplemento de microminerales adicionales a la dieta sobre las variables alzada peso y diámetro de la fibra de alpacas, se evaluó la aplicación de tres dosis de selenio y zinc (0,0; 1,0 y 1,5 cc), bajo un (DCA) en arreglo factorial (3 x 2) + (3 x 2). Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas para tratamientos: dosis de selenio, edades, dosis de zinc, edades y para la interacción zinc por edades (Se1E2 con 74,33 kg a los 90 días para alzada a la cruz, Zn1E2 con un promedio de 91,33 cm). La longitud de la fibra los tratamientos Se1E1 y Se1E2 con promedio de 3 cm. Para el diámetro de la fibra los tratamientos 1 (Se0E1) y tratamiento Se1E1 del grupo 1 y los tratamientos Zn0E2 y Zn1E1 del grupo 2 mostraron mejor calidad de la fibra (P < 0,05), con promedios de 28 micras. Se confirmó un efecto beneficioso en el peso vivo, calidad de la fibra en animales maduros de la suplementación con los microelementos Se y Zn, que mejoró las características fenotípicas de producción como el peso vivo, aunque manifestó residualidad en la orina de los animales de 3 a 5 años de edad.Effects of Supplementation with Microminerals on Production Indicators and Blood, Feces, and Urine Traces of Grazing alpaca (Lama lama) ABSTRACTIn this area was applied three doses of selenium and zinc (0.0; 1.0 and 1.5 cc), under a (DCA) in factorial arrangement (3 x 2) + (3 x 2) in order to analyze the effect of the level of additional mineral supplement micro (Selenium, Zinc) to the diet on the raised variables, weight and fiber diameter of alpacas. Results revealed statistical differences for treatment: selenium doses, age, Zinc doses, Zinc interaction for ages. For this, the treatment 4 (Se1E2) with 74.33 kg to 90 days to cross height (Zn1E2) with 91.33 cm average. The length fiber into treatments 3 (Se1E1) and 4 (Se1E2) with 3 cm average. For fiber diameter on treatments 1 (Se0E1) Treatment 3 (Se1E1) of group 1, treatments 8 (Zn0E2) and 9 (Zn1E1) which group 2 charged better fiber quality with 28 microns average. It was confirmed an beneficial effect on live weight and fiber quality in mature animals for mineral supply with Se and Zn con los microelements, that improved the production phenotypical characteristics like weight, but it was manifested minerals urine residuality in 3-5 years old animals

Efecto de la inclusión del forraje de maíz molido en la respuesta productiva de vacas lecheras en pastoreo.

Se evaluó la respuesta productiva de vacas lecheras en pastoreo al incluir forraje de maíz molido en su dieta. El estudio se realizó en dos ambientes diferentes de Ecuador (Región Costa y Sierra). En la costa, en una finca de 29,1 ha,las vacas pastaron asociaciones de estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis) y saboya (Panicum máximum) con leguminosas devarios géneros como Alysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, suple-mentadas con forraje de maíz cv. INIAP 125. Los animales recibieron 0,46 kg a partir del tercer kilogramo, y forraje de maíz molido en períodos de 30 y 28 días, respectivamente (M-30 y M-28) y control sin forraje por 36 días (M-0). En la otra región, la propiedad tenía 14,2 ha y 23 vacas en ordeño; estas pastaron asociaciones de kikuyo (P. clandestinum) y ryegra-sstrébol blanco (L. perenne y T. repens) y forraje de maíz planta completa (60 a 70 % grano maduro), a razón de 18 kg verde/vaca/día durante 48 días, y balanceado a razón de 0,5 kg/l de leche después del cuarto kilogramo y minerales. El forraje influyó en ambos casos (P < 0,05) en la respuesta de las vacas; para la zona de la sierra el incremento fue de 1,68 kg/vaca de aumento en la leche y en la costa el aumento fue entre 1,1 y 2,5 kg/vaca. El forraje de maíz complementó nutri-cionalmente las asociaciones bajo pastoreo en ambas regiones, incrementó el rendimiento lechero/animal y redujo los costos.Effect of Ground CornStalks on the Productive Response of Dairy Grazing Cows ABSTRACTThe productive response of dairy grazing cows using ground cornstalks was assessed. The study was developed in two different Ecuadoran settings (Costa Region and Sierra). At the Costa, on a 29.1 ha farm, the cows grazed on star clusters (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and panic grass(Panicum máximum), with legumes of different genera, such as Alysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, supplemented with corn stalks, cv. INIAP 125. The animals received 0.46 kg from the third kg onward, and ground corn stalks in 30- and 28- day periods, respectively (M-30 and M-28), and a control group without stalks for 36 days (M-0). In another region, the estate had 14.2 ha and 23 milking cows, grazing on clusters of West African pennisetum (P. clandestinum) and ryegrass white clover (L. perenne and T. repens) and whole corn stalks (60 -70 % ripe grain), at a ratio of 18 kg green/cow/day for 48 days and balanced at a ratio of 0.5 kg/l of milk following the fourth kilogram, and minerals. In both cases, stalks effected (P < 0.05) on cow response. In the Sierra region, the milk yield increase observed was 1.68 kg/cow, and in the Costa region, it was between 1.1 and 2.5 kg/cow. Corn stalks meant nutritional supplementation to grazing clusters in both regions, increased milk/animal yields, and cost reductions

Suplementación con Norgold + miel urea al 3 % de bovinos cebú en crecimiento-ceba en sistema de pastoreo en época de seca.

Con el objetivo de determinar el alcance productivo en bovinos cebú al utilizar como suplemento Norgold + mela-za-urea al 3 % durante la etapa de crecimiento-ceba bajo sistema de pastoreo, se emplearon 60 toretes, de iguales pesos y características raciales, conformándose cuatro grupos experimentales; sometido a 9 h diarias de pastoreo, sobre pasto pitilla (Dichantium annulatum) + tejana (Paspalum notatum) de calidad regular; 3 kg de forraje de Penisetum Cuba CT – 115; 1,0; 1,5 y 2,0 kg de Norgold para los grupos I, II, III y IV, respectivamente y sal mineral y agua adlibitum. Se determinó el peso vivo inicial y final, crecimiento absoluto, ganancia media diaria y consumo, así como se estimó el beneficio/costo. Los animales del tratamiento 4 lograron alcanzar 401 kg de peso vivo; es decir, el 47,43 % de su peso respecto al peso vivo inicial en 180 días, y como promedio para todo el período, una ganancia media diaria y conversión de 716,66 g y 10,37 kg de alimento/kg de peso vivo, respectivamente. Se concluye que los tratamientos donde se incluye 2,0 y 1,5 kg de Norgold, respectivamente, lograron ganancias medias diarias y conversión alimentaria superiores (P < 0,05) a los sistemas tradicionales con base de melaza-urea y otros subproductos, así como la producción de carne que se logra permite una relación costo/beneficio positiva, lo cual significa que el sistema es factible, productivo y económico.Norgold Supplementation + Urea Molasses (3 %) for Pasture Fattening Growing Zebu Bovines in the Dry Season. ABSTRACTWith the objective of determining the productive reach in bovine Cebú when using as supplement Norgol + molas-ses-urea to 3 % during the stage of growth-it feeds low shepherding system, 60 properly uniformed toretes was used as for weight and characteristic racial conforming to subjected four experimental groups at nine daily hours of shepherding, on grass PITILLA (Dichantium annulatum) + Tejana (Paspalum notatun) of regular quality; 3 kg of forage of Penisetum Cuba CT - 115; 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg of Norgold for the groups I, II, III and IV, respectively and salt mineral and it dilutes ad libitum. The weight alive initial was determined and final, absolute growth, daily half gain and I consummate as well as was considered the benefit/cost. The animals of the treatment four were able to reach 401 kg of live weight , that is to say, 47.43 % of their weight regarding the weight live initial in 180 days and like average, for the whole period, a daily half gain and conversion of 716.66 g and 10.37 food kg / kg of weight lives respectively. It concludes that the treatments where it is included 2.0 and 1.5 Norgold kg respectively they achieved earnings daily stockings and conversion alimentary superiors significantly (P ≤ 0.05) to the systems that traditionally have been orchestrated with the help of molasses-urea and the employment of other by-products, as well as the meat production that is achieved allows a relationship positive benefit / cost, that which means that the system is feasible, productive and economic

Impacto bio-económico de cambios estratégicos en el manejo de búfalos de río Murrah

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of a strategy of changes to manage the bio-economic efficiency of a Murrah Buffalo production system in the province of Camagüey, Cuba, located 210 north and 770 west, 217 meters above sea level. The climate is tropical humid (Aw) plain. The mean annual precipitations average 1 180 mm (71 % between May and October), and temperature is between 24 and 29° C. The local soil is carbonated brown, brown without carbonates, and reddish-brown fersiallitic. The system comprises 5 100 ha and has 536 workers/year. A strategy to introduce management changes in agro-technology, food, reproduction, replacement, health, salary policies, and training was implemented as part of an innovation package with a systemic and participatory approach. The evaluation lasted eight years, and it was critical to increase dairy production in more than 200 000 kg/year in 2012, in comparison to 2004, with improvements in natality and reduction of operational expenses of the system. It was concluded that the strategy had a determining effect on the system's indicators.El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de una estrategia de cambios en el manejo en la eficiencia bio-económica de un sistema cooperativo de producción de Búfalos Murrah de Camagüey en Cuba, localizado en los 210 Norte y los 770 Oeste a 217 msnm. El clima es tropical húmedo (Aw) de llanura. La media anual de las precipitaciones fue de 1 180 mm (71 % de mayo a octubre) y temperaturas entre 24 y 29° C. El suelo es pardo carbonatado, pardos sin carbonatos y fersialíticos pardo rojizos. El sistema ocupa un área de 5 100 ha y emplea 536 trabajadores/año. Una estrategia de cambios en el manejo agro-técnico, alimentario, reproductivo, de reemplazos, en salud, política de salarios y determinadas acciones de capacitación fue puesta en práctica como una especie de paquete innovador con enfoque sistémico y participativo. La evaluación se desarrolló durante ocho años y fue determinante en el incremento de la producción de leche en más de 200 000 kg/año en el 2012 respecto al 2004, con una mejora en la natalidad y reducción en los gastos operacionales del sistema. Se concluye que la estrategia tuvo un efecto determinante en el comportamiento favorable de los indicadores del sistema

Veterinaria Organización España Milk production and sustainability of the dairy livestock systems with a high calving concentrate pattern at the early spring

Milk production and sustainability of the dairy livestock systems with a high calving concentrate pattern at the early spring REDVET. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, vol. 17, núm. 5, mayo, 2016, pp. 1-7 Veterinaria Organización Málaga, España Resumen Los resultados fueron obtenidos de la informacion de 210 fincas lecheras con alta concentración de partos al inicio de la primavera (60-80% de los partos anuales) y se encontraron efectos importantes en la produccion de leche y menores volumenes de combustible/1000 kg de leche producida que en los patrones menos concentrados de los restantes sistemas lecheros. Las respuestas en produccion de leche fueron mayores en un rango de 21 506 kg a 46 250 kg respecto a los otros sistemas con un patron mas irregular. Los costos operacionales disminuyeron entre 29.7% a 35.1% en los sistemas mas concentrados. Los resultados de diferentes indicadores de sostenibilidad de los sistemas mas concentrados indican mayor eficiencia, con uso de menos suplementos, costos energeticos reducidos/ kg de leche/ vaca y por ha y menos calentamiento global por emisiones reducidas de metano entre 31-27% y una mejor relación concentrado-forrajes que en los restantes sistemas. Los balances de nitrógeno se encontraron en un rango de -7.2 kg/ha/año a 16.4 kg/ha/año y valores de 14-29 % y 11-36% de descarga de Azufre (S) y REDVET Rev. Electrón. vet. http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet 2016 Volumen 17 Nº 5 -http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n050516.html Milk production and sustainability of the dairy livestock systems with a high calving concentrate pattern at the early spring http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n050516/051603.pdf 2 Fósforo (P) al ambiente. Los patrones de parición concentrada al inicio de lluvias tuvieron mayor eficiencia bio-económica y sostenibilidad que los otros sistemas lecheros en el año. Palabras clave: Vacas, estación del año, pastoreo, rendimiento lácteo, economía, ambiente, Abstract A research was development with the objective to evaluate the effects of different factors that affect the efficiency of the calving concentrate pattern at the early spring dairy systems in Cuban since 1988 until 2013. The results were obtained for the information of 210 dairy farms with high concentration of calving in early spring (60-80% of calving of annual) and find an important effects on more milk production and minor quantities of fuel oil consumed /1000 kg of milk produced than non concentrate calving pattern dairy systems. In theses cases the responses on milk production was great in the range of 21506kg to 46250kg respect to others. The operational costs were diminished in all time with pattern of early spring calving on 35.1% -29.7%. The results reached, with low supplements, minor energy costs per kg of milk produced per/cow and ha with high calving concentration in spring respect to the others systems with disorder in calving pattern are superior. The global warming potential (GWP) in the systems with high concentration of calving in early spring was approximately 31-27 % minor the methane production based in more better Forage-Concentrate relation (81% forages-19% concentrates) in the feed than the others systems, and positives balances of Nitrogen with values of -7.2 kg./ha./year to16.4 kg./ha./year and values of 14-29 % and 11-36% of minor discharge of the Sulfur (S) and Phosphorus (P) to the environment respectively than confirm the sustainability of the seasonal milk production systems in Cuban dairy farms conditions