Amplitude distribution histograms for recordings in response to haemolymph from UP, 1P and 2P <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> larvae.

<p>Each spike has been assigned to a 100 μV-amplitude bin in the range between 500 and 1500 μV (bins 1–10). Mean frequency of occurrence has been plotted; error bars are SEM. N refers to the total number of spikes for recordings in response to haemolymph of UP, 1P and 2P.</p

Action potential frequencies of the coeloconic sensillum on the distal tip of the unpaired ovipositor valve of <i>Leptopilina heterotoma</i>, averaged over the 10 wasps tested.

<p>Error bars are SEM (N = 10). The number of spikes was counted during the 0.2–1 sec interval after the onset of stimulation with haemolymph of UP, 1P and 2P <i>Drosophila</i>. Mean values having no letters in common differ significantly (LSD post-hoc test, <i>P</i> < 0.05).</p

Number of doublets observed in recordings of responses to haemolymph of UP, 1P and 2P <i>Drosophila</i>, averaged over the 10 wasps tested.

<p>Error bars are SEM. The number of doublets was counted during the 0.2–1 sec interval after stimulation with haemolymphs of UP, 1P and 2P. Medians that have no letters in common differ significantly according to the Jonckheere-Terpstra test for ordered alternatives (P < 0.05).</p

Interspike interval (ISI) distribution histogram for recordings in response to haemolymph from UP, 1P and 2P <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> larvae.

<p>Each ISI has been assigned to a 5 msec time bin in the range between 5 and 70 msec (bins 1–14). Mean frequency of occurrence has been plotted; error bars are SEM. N refers to the total number of ISIs for recordings in response to haemolymph of UP, 1P and 2P.</p

Representative recordings of electrophysiological activity of the coeloconic sensillum on the distal tip of the unpaired ovipositor valve of <i>Leptopilina heterotoma</i> to haemolymph of <i>Drosophila</i> larvae of different parasitization status, using the extracellular tip-recording technique.

<p><b>(a)</b> Response to haemolymph of an unparasitized larva (UP). <b>(b)</b> Response to haemolymph of a larva containing one <i>L</i>. <i>heterotoma</i> egg (1P). <b>(c)</b> Response to haemolymph of a larva containing two <i>L</i>. <i>heterotoma</i> eggs (2P). <b>(d)</b> Magnified detail from c, to illustrate the occurrence of doublets (D) and triplets (T).</p

Observed (o) and predicted (line) cumulative number of recaptured <i>P. melanarius</i> as a function of time.

<p>Predicted values were simulated with the calibrated model that had most support from the data (model 1, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115751#pone-0115751-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). Panels on the left (a–c) are for beetles released in oilseed radish, on the right (d–f) for beetles released in rye. Error-bars show the 95% confidence interval of the observations.</p

Examples of movement tracks for a starved <i>Pterostichus melanarius</i> beetle with low motility (7 cm² s⁻¹; left) and for a fed beetle with a high motility (88 cm² s⁻¹; right).

<p>The total time spent in the arena's interior was 24.8 min for the starved and 11.7 min for the fed beetle. Moves in the 10 cm edge zone are represented by thin grey lines.</p

Distribution of <i>P. melanarius</i> along the length of the field over time simulated with the model that had most support from the data (model 1, Table 1).

<p>The Y-axis represents the total number of beetles over the width of the field. On day 0, 1015 beetles were released at each black dot. Number of beetles in the slow-release margins that surround the field are not shown.</p

Simulated change in time of the number of marked beetles in the field and the slow-release boundaries, and the change in number of beetles that were either captured or lost due to mark wear or death.

<p>Simulations were made with the model that had most support from the data (model 1, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115751#pone-0115751-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). At Time  = 0, a total of 2030 virtual beetles were released.</p

Spatial layout of the field experiment at Droevendaal organic experimental farm in Wageningen, the Netherlands.

<p><i>Pterostichus melanarius</i> were released at the long vertical lines and recaptured at trapping stations with (|•, •|) or without (•) screens.</p