Classification of the BPS states in Bagger-Lambert Theory

We classify, in a group theoretical manner, the BPS configurations in the multiple M2-brane theory recently proposed by Bagger and Lambert. We present three types of BPS equations preserving various fractions of supersymmetries: in the first type we have constant fields and the interactions are purely algebraic in nature; in the second type the equations are invariant under spatial rotation SO(2), and the fields can be time-dependent; in the third class the equations are invariant under boost SO(1,1) and provide the eleven-dimensional generalizations of the Nahm equations. The BPS equations for different number of supersymmetries exhibit the division algebra structures: octonion, quarternion or complex.Comment: 28+1 pages, No figure; v2 Sec.3.3 slightly expanded, typos fixed; v3 some comments added, to appear in JHE

Characteristics of Using Oriental Medicine Clinics during the Japanese Occupation: An Analysis of the 1931 Seoul Bochun Clinic Account Book

This article analyzes the “account book” of Kim Young-hoon (1882-1974), which summarizes information about patients at his Bochun Clinic in Seoul (then Gyeongseong) in 1931. Kim Young-hoon was a pivotal figure in the medical scene throughout the Korean Empire, the Japanese occupation, and the early years of the Republic of Korea. He left behind a large amount of documentation during his 60 years of practice at the Bochun Clinic, which he opened in the spring of 1909. In particular, the 1931 “account book” offers an insight into the daily life histories of his patients.Among the patient-visitors recorded in the account book, there were many influential people of the time, ranging from privileged individuals to anti-Japanese independence activists, from those in political and economic fields to those in academic and entertainment fields. At the same time, a significant number of lower-class people also visited the Clinic. Geographically, patients were centered in the city center of the capital, Gyeongseong, but were also widely distributed throughout the country. There are indications that those from the rural areas stayed in the homes of their acquaintances in Seoul. As such, the account book provides a tangible, concrete picture of the clinic’s management for the year 1931, including visitor demographics, visiting diagnoses, telephone consultations, and the total cost of medicinal prescriptions.Because the account book is a one-year statistic, it has its limitations; however, it is the smallest unit that can be analyzed statistically. It provides insights into how many people came in over the course of a year and how much they spent. The expenditures are kept per individual family. The patient's name, prescribed medication, and the price of the medicine are mandatorily included, and in many cases, the place of residence and family relationships are also noted. The account book shows several layers of householders, servants, and employees in the extended family; it also shows people in various occupations. A few privileged families accounted for nearly half of the total expenditures, and the powerful visited frequently, utilizing Oriental medicine for many of their daily needs. For some, the Bochun Clinic is reminiscent of the royal temples of the dynasties. Patients come from the center and suburbs of Seoul, as well as from all over the country.In one year, more than one thousand types of prescriptions are issued and the total cost of medicines is about 33 seom (≒180 liters of rice). Although there is a concentration of high-frequency prescriptions, more than a thousand prescriptions are prescribed only once, which shows that the practice is specialized for each individual. Patient visits, consultations, and telephone use are observed, and the use of new drugs, quinine, and special ginseng as one-herb medication (danbang) are also noticeable.The statistical analysis of the 1931 Bochun Clinic “account book” can serve as a milestone for comparative analysis of the patterns of herbal medicine use before and after that year. Meanwhile, the Bochun Clinic “account book” shows the continuation of traditional practices of herbal medicine by both the powerful and the masses. On the one hand, Koreans responded to the coercive tide of modernity symbolized by the Imperial Governorate of Japan, but on the other hand, they were unwilling to let go of tradition and their own authority. While actively embracing the tide of civilization, Koreans also internalized their own rationality and sought to open a new path forward, a sentiment discernible between the lines of the “account book.

Seamless monolithic three-dimensional integration of single-crystalline films by growth

The demand for the three-dimensional (3D) integration of electronic components is on a steady rise. The through-silicon-via (TSV) technique emerges as the only viable method for integrating single-crystalline device components in a 3D format, despite encountering significant processing challenges. While monolithic 3D (M3D) integration schemes show promise, the seamless connection of single-crystalline semiconductors without intervening wafers has yet to be demonstrated. This challenge arises from the inherent difficulty of growing single crystals on amorphous or polycrystalline surfaces post the back-end-of-the-line process at low temperatures to preserve the underlying circuitry. Consequently, a practical growth-based solution for M3D of single crystals remains elusive. Here, we present a method for growing single-crystalline channel materials, specifically composed of transition metal dichalcogenides, on amorphous and polycrystalline surfaces at temperatures lower than 400 {\deg}C. Building on this developed technique, we demonstrate the seamless monolithic integration of vertical single-crystalline logic transistor arrays. This accomplishment leads to the development of unprecedented vertical CMOS arrays, thereby constructing vertical inverters. Ultimately, this achievement sets the stage to pave the way for M3D integration of various electronic and optoelectronic hardware in the form of single crystals

Abelian Vortex in Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson Theory

Among newly discovered M2, M5 objects in the Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson theory, our interest is about half BPS vortices which are covariantly holomorphic curves in transverse coordinates. We restrict ourselves to the case where the global symmetry is broken to so(2) x so(2)x so(4) for the mass deformed Bagger-Lambert theory. A localized object with finite energy exists in this theory where the mass parameter supports regularity. It is time independent but carries angular momentum coming solely from the gauge potential by which the energy is bounded below.Comment: 13 page

Evaluation of various phase-transition materials for steep switching super-low power application in the latest technology node

Recently, a phase-transition field effect transistor (phase-FET) integrated with a phase-transition material (PTM) is attracting attention as a steep switching device, and attempts to solve the power consumption limitation of conventional CMOS using various PTMs are continuing. In order to utilize the phase-FET, it is essential to design an appropriate device and circuit characteristics by carefully considering the close correlation between the baseline-FET and the PTM and the hysteresis characteristics caused by the phase-transition. In this work, by integrating various PTMs according to the baseline FETs in various technology nodes, the logic and SRAM characteristics implemented the phase-FET were investigated, and the appropriate PTM and the electrical characteristic target required for the PTM were presented through systematic analysis. As a result, it was confirmed that single crystalline vanadium di-oxide (SC VO2) has characteristics suitable for constructing phase-FETs compared to other candidate PTMs in 32 nm planar FET, 7 nm Fin-FET, and 3 nm gate-all-around FET technology nodes. As a result of benchmarking with conventional-FET at each technology node, in the case of logic, the speed is 26.15% (32 nm), 20.26% (7 nm), and 20.05% (3 nm), and in the case of memory, standby power, read stability and write time are improved

An Aspect of the History of Medicine in Ancient Korea as Examined through Silla Buddhist Monks’Annotations on the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” in the Sutra of Golden Light

Nearly nothing is known of medicine in ancient Korea due to insufficient materials. With several extant prescriptions and esoteric methods of treating diseases alone, it is impossible to gauge in depth the management of medicine during this period. If one exception were to be cited, that would be the fact that the annotations for understanding the contents on Indian medicine in the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” in the Sutra of Golden Light, a Buddhist sutra originating from India, reflected the medical knowledge of Buddhist monks from Silla (57 BC-935 AD) who were active immediately after the nation’s unification of the two other kingdoms on the Korean Peninsula (668 AD) such as Wonhyo (617-686 AD), Gyeongheung (620?-700? AD), and Seungjang (684-? AD). Along with those by other monks, these annotations are collected in the Mysterious Pivot of the Sutra of Golden Light, which was compiled by Gangyō(835-871 AD), a Japanese monk from the Heian era (平安, 794-1185 AD). Representative versions of the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” in the Sutra of Golden Light include: a classical Chinese translation by the Indian monk Dharmakṣema (385-433 AD); the eight-volume edition by Chinese monk Baogui, which differs little from the preceding work in terms of the contents of the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease”; and the ten-volume edition by Yijing (635-713 AD), who had full-fledged knowledge of Indian medicine. When the contents of the annotations thus collected are examined, it seems that Wonhyo had not been aware of the existence of the ten-volume edition, and Gyeongheung and Seungjang most certainly used the ten-volume edition in their annotations as well. Especially noteworthy are Wonhyo’s annotations on the Indian medical knowledge found in the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” in the Sutra of Golden Light. Here, he made a bold attempt to link and understand consistently even discussions on Indian and Buddhist medicine on the basis of the traditional East Asian medical theory centering on the yin-yang and five phases (wuxing). In accordance with East Asia’s theory of the seasonal five phases, Wonhyo sought to explain aspects of Indian medicine, e.g., changes in the four great elements (四大, catvāri mahā-bhūtāni) of earth, water, fire, and wind according to seasonal factors and their effect on the internal organs; patterns of diseases such as wind (vāta)-induced disease, bile (pitta)-induced disease, phlegm (śleṣman)-induced disease, and a combination (saṃnipāta) of these three types of diseases; pathogenesis due to the indigestion of food, as pathological mechanisms centering on the theory of the mutual overcoming (相克, xiangke) of the five phases including the five viscera (wuzang), five flavors (wuwei), and five colors (wuse). They existed in the text contents on Indian medicine, which could not be explicated well with the existing medical knowledge based on the theory of the five phases. Consequently, he boldly modified the theory of the five phases in his own way for such passages, thus attempting a reconciliation, or harmonization of disputes (hwajaeng), of the two medical systems. Such an attempt was even bolder than those by earlier annotators, and Wonhyo’s annotations came to be accepted by later annotators as one persuasive explanation as well. In the case of Gyeongheung and Seungjang, who obtained and examined the ten-volume edition, a new classical Chinese translation produced following Wonhyo’s death, annotated the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” based on their outstanding proficiency in Sanskrit and knowledge of new Indian and Buddhist medicine. This fact signifies that knowledge of the eight arts (八術) of Ayurvedic medicine in India was introduced into Silla around the early 8th century. The medical knowledge of Wonhyo, Gyeongheung, and Seungjang demonstrates that intellectual circles in contemporary Silla were arenas in which not only traditional East Asian medicine as represented by works such as the Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi Neijing) but also Indian medicine of Buddhism coexisted in almost real time

Highly Strained Si pFinFET on SiC With Good Control of Sub-Fin Leakage and Self-Heating

Investigating of ON-current boosting, short channel effect (SCE), and self-heating effect in Si pFinFET on a SiC stress relaxed buffer (SRB) layer is presented compared with SiGe pFinFET on a SiGe-SRB. Both SiC-SRB-based device and SiGe-SRB-based device show mobility boosting due to high compressive channel stress as well as enhanced SCE due to significant suppressing of subfin leakage. However, if self-heating is considered, SiGe-based devices exhibit non-negligible current degradation compared to SiC-SRB-based devices. Even though SiGe channel devices on a SiGe-SRB show better performance compared with SiC-SRB-based device, it is shown that the impact of BEOL reliability should be considered carefully

Device and Circuit Exploration of Multi-Nanosheet Transistor for Sub-3 nm Technology Node

A multi-nanosheet field-effect transistor (mNS-FET) device was developed to maximize gate controllability while making the channel in the form of a sheet. The mNS-FET has superior gate controllability for the stacked channels; consequently, it can significantly reduce the short-channel effect (SCE); however, punch-through inevitably occurs in the bottom channel portion that is not surrounded by gates, resulting in a large leakage current. Moreover, as the size of the semiconductor device decreases to several nanometers, the influence of the parasitic resistance and parasitic capacitance increases. Therefore, it is essential to apply design–technology co-optimization, which analyzes not only the characteristics from the perspective of the device but also the performance from the circuit perspective. In this study, we used Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulation to analyze the characteristics of the device and directly fabricated a model that describes the current–voltage and gate capacitance characteristics of the device by using Berkeley short-channel insulated-gate field-effect transistor–common multi-gate (BSIM–CMG) parameters. Through this model, we completed the Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) simulation for circuit analysis and analyzed it from the viewpoint of devices and circuits. When comparing the characteristics according to the presence or absence of bottom oxide by conducting the above research method, it was confirmed that subthreshold slope (SS) and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) are improved, and power and performance in circuit characteristics are increased