The development of diagnostic tools for the grapevine pathogen Eutypa lata : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Genetics at Massey University

Eutypa lata is the causal agent of Eutypa dieback on grapevines. The fungus invades the vine and grows there unnoticed, possibly for several years, causing discolouration and deformation of the vine shoots and leaves. Most berries fail to establish on these shoots and the fungus eventually kills the vine. The damaging effects of this fungus have had a notable financial impact on the grape and wine industry world wide and E. lata is at present the primary constraint on vineyard longevity in many places including California and Australia. Little is known about the occurrence and distribution of Eutypa dieback within New Zealand. This is due mainly to difficulties associated with identification of the disease in grapevines. To develop a molecular probe for the identification of E. lata from grapevine wood the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplified the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the intervening 5.8S gene of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from representative isolates. The sequences of the E. lata ITS regions were used to design two pairs of primers, each of which was subsequently shown to be specific for the amplification of predicted-size fragments from genomic DNA of E. lata. The primer pairs were further tested using template DNA extracted from healthy grapevines and from other fungi commonly isolated from dieback diseased grapevines but no PCR amplification was observed. Simple DNA extraction protocols, leading to the rapid release of DNA, were tested to enable identification of E. lata from pure culture and grapevine wood; however, a suitable DNA extraction method from these materials was not found. Currently the only known source of inoculum is ascospores, which are released from perithecia during and immediately after rainfall. However, few perithecia have been found in New Zealand vineyards. This has prompted the study of the mating habits of E. lata. As the sexual stage of E. lata cannot be obtained in culture at present, the analysis of its mating system must be performed in natural populations. Molecular characterisation of the mating type at the outset of a mating project allows significant savings in time and effort as it drastically reduces the number of crosses that must be set up. So far, cloning of mating type (MAT) genes from fungi has been hampered by low conservation among them. Most ascomycete fungi have one mating type gene with two alternative forms or idiomorphs (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2). One of the pair of MAT genes. MAT1-2, encodes a protein with a conserved DNA binding motif called the high mobility group (HMG) box. There is sufficient sequence conservation at the borders of the HMG box to allow PCR amplification. New Zealand isolates of E. lata, including sixteen single ascospore isolates from one perithecium, were tested for the presence of a MAT1-2 idiomorph using this PCR based approach. Five different sets of primers were used which were designed to anneal at different target sites with different specificities. PCR products of the expected size were obtained and sequenced, but despite exhaustive attempts to optimise PCR specificity, none of these had convincing homology to fungal mating type genes. Progress on the basic aspects of the genetics of E. lata will continue to be hampered until the organism is induced to complete its life cycle in culture. Molecular studies into the mating type genes which regulate sexual compatibility and sexual reproduction in the fungus should lead to a deeper understanding of the life-cycle of E. lata and the critical influence of sex on population genetics. In addition, it will provide a scientific basis for a management program urgently needed to minimise the impact of this disease

Preparing Teachers for 21st Century Skills: Using Blogs to Support Students in Learning Math and Encourage Teacher-Student-Parent Communications

Blogs are used to support future P-12 students in learning math and to encourage student, parent and teacher communication outside of the classroom. In this paper, valuable online resources are identified plus literature is summarized that documents the opportunities that blogging can bring to the educational setting. There is definitely a need for tech support and training to assist pre-service teachers on how to use social media and blogs. Most importantly, the pre-service teachers need support in using social media technology to plan for communications between generations. Educators need access to resources and tech support that will help them to reach out to parents and increase their involvement in their student’s success in the classroom. Summary recommendations included using one of the free blog resources and ensuring guidance is provided to the students in the teacher education program regarding the need to plan the purpose of the blog, timeliness of communications and post, the navigation and organization of the blog site, plus their need to make a plan on how to develop and maintain their blog site for the most effective use (i.e., 2-way communication) between teachers and their students/parents

Meeting QM Standards through Modular Design

The Quality Matters (QM) standards are benchmarks that educators strive to follow as they develop online courses. The QM standards are based on current literature focused on course delivery rather than course design. One method of course design that educators can use to provide organized, sequential and navigational web-supported instruction is through the use of modular instruction (use of modules). What is unique about the modular structure shared in this session is the use of an Introductory Module as a starting point in the course, plus the structure of the Content Modules that include links to communication boards that support the modular structure. In fact, using the proposed modular structure shared in this session, faculty members will develop courses that meet all 17 essential QM Standards. This will help to ensure the course is well designed by providing clear organization, navigation and methods of communications to learners. In this session, participants will be able to view an example course that has met the essential QM Standards. This will lead to an open discussion of how this type of template might be utilized at their institutions and the resources needed