Sistem Manajemen Transaksi Proyek pada CV. Karya Prima Pondasi

Dalam menghadapi persaingan global, sebagian besar perusahaan menerapkan pemakaian teknologi informasi untuk mendukung kinerja perusahaan. CV. Karya Prima Pondasi yang merupakan perusahaan dibidang kontraktor seringkali mengalami kesulitan dalam mengelola data transaksi proyek dan alat pancang, yang dimana seharusnya dapat diatasi melalui pemakaian TI. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk membangun sistem yang dapat membantu pihak perusahaan dalam pencatatan, perhitungan, pengelolaan transaksi proyek, serta pengontrolan terhadap alat-alat pancang. Metode penulisan yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah metodologi RUP (Rational Unified Process) yang mempunyai 4 fase didalamnya yaitu : Inception, Elaboration, Construction, dan Transition. Dalam melakukan perancangan sistem, penulis menggunakan OOAD (Object Oriented Analysis and Design). Untuk pengimplementasiannya penulis menggunakan bahasa pemograman Microsoft Visual Basic 2008.Net, SQL Server 2005 sebagai database dan laporan menggunakan Crystal Report. Sistem Manajemen Transaksi Proyek ini dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam melakukan perhitungan, pemantauan, pengelolaan data-data transaksi proyek, pengontrolan alat pancang, serta menghasilkan laporan-laporan data transaksi proyek yang dimana dapat memba ntu pihak perusahaan dalam menganalisis serta mengambil tindakan terbaik bagi kemajuan perusahaan

Assessing the economic costs of unhealthy diets and low physical activity: an evidence review and proposed framework

Unhealthy diets and low physical activity contribute to many chronic diseases and disability; they are responsible for some 2 in 5 deaths worldwide and for about 30% of the global disease burden. Yet surprisingly little is known about the economic costs that these risk factors cause, both for health care and society more widely. This study pulls together the evidence about the economic burden that can be linked to unhealthy diets and low physical activity and explores How definitions vary and why this matters The complexity of estimating the economic burden and How we can arrive at a better way to estimate the costs of an unhealthy diet and low physical activity, using diabetes as an example The review finds that unhealthy diets and low physical activity predict higher health care expenditure, but estimates vary greatly. Existing studies underestimate the true economic burden because most only look at the costs to the health system. Indirect costs caused by lost productivity may be about twice as high as direct health care costs, together accounting for about 0.5% of national income. The study also tests the feasibility of using a disease-based approach to estimate the costs of unhealthy diets and low physical activity in Europe, projecting the total economic burden associated with these two risk factors as manifested in new type 2 diabetes cases at €883 million in 2020 for France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom alone. The ‘true’ costs will be higher, as unhealthy diets and low physical activity are linked to many more diseases. The study’s findings are a step towards a better understanding of the economic burden that can be associated with two key risk factors for ill health and they will help policymakers in setting priorities and to more effectively promoting healthy diets and physical activity

CELL SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN : V. RELEASE FROM MURINE SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTES

Turnover and release of cell surface Ig and secretion of total intracellular Ig has been studied in small lymphocytes from normal mouse spleen. The major findings to emerge are: (a) small lymphocytes secrete 8S IgM and IgG. A small portion of the 8S IgM, but virtually none of the IgG appears to have a cell surface phase. (b) Cell surface IgM is actively turned over with a half-life of 6–8 hr, and turnover can be accounted for by release into the incubation medium. Release is temperature dependent. (c) Released cell surface Ig is noncovalently bound to a fragment of plasma membrane. (d) H-2 antigens are not released during short-term incubation. Based on the above findings, we propose a model for the transport and release of both cell surface and conventionally secreted Ig

Understanding health risk comprehension: The role of math anxiety, subjective numeracy, and objective numeracy

Background. Numeracy skills are important for medical decision making as lower numeracy is associated with misinterpreting statistical health risks. Math anxiety, characterized by negative emotions about numerical tasks, and lower subjective numeracy (i.e., self-assessments of numerical competence) are also associated with poor risk comprehension. Objective. To explore independent and mediated associations of math anxiety, numerical ability, and subjective numeracy with risk comprehension and to ascertain whether their associations are specific to the health domain. Methods. Objective numeracy was measured with a 14-item test. Math anxiety and subjective numeracy were assessed with self-report scales. Risk comprehension was measured with a 12-item test. In Experiment 1, risk comprehension items were limited to scenarios in the health domain. In Experiment 2, participants were randomly assigned to receive numerically-equivalent risk comprehension items in either a health or non-health domain. Results. Linear regression analyses revealed that individuals with higher objective numeracy were more likely to respond correctly to the risk comprehension items, as were individuals with higher subjective numeracy. Higher math anxiety was associated with a lower likelihood of correct responding when controlling for objective numeracy, but not when controlling for subjective numeracy. Mediation analyses indicated that math anxiety may undermine risk comprehension in three ways, including through: (1) objective numeracy; (2) subjective numeracy; and (3) objective and subjective numeracy in serial, with subjective numeracy mediating the association between objective numeracy and risk comprehension. Findings did not differ by domain. Conclusions. Math anxiety, objective numeracy, and subjective numeracy are associated with risk comprehension through unique pathways. Education initiatives for improving health risk comprehension may be most effective if jointly aimed at tack-ling numerical ability as well as negative emotions and self-evaluations related to numeracy

CELL SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN : IX. A NEW METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF SYNTHESIS, INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, AND EXTERIORIZATION IN MURINE SPLENOCYTES

A new method for the detection of cell surface immunoglobulin labeled with isotopic precursors is described. The method consists of the aggregation of surface Ig on cells with specific antibody (heterologous) and the subsequent removal of antigen-antibody complexes by the combination of high speed centrifugation and immunoprecipitation of remaining soluble complexes using antibody to the heterologous Ig. Using this method, the kinetics of appearance of cell surface Ig and its turnover were studied in murine splenocytes. The results suggest that cell surface Ig is synthesized and transported in the same manner as secretory Ig rather than being synthesized on the plasma membrane. The turnover of intracellular and cell surface Ig in lymphocytes is slow. In contrast, intracellular Ig in plasma cells is rapidly secreted and usually without a cell surface phase. Cell surface Ig was shown to be radiolabeled with [3H]glucosamine, -galactose, and -fucose. The proportion of cell surface to intracellular (nonsurface) Ig labeled with these precursors suggests the same sequence of addition of sugars to Ig destined to be on the surface of lymphocytes as with Ig which will be secreted by plasma cells. Results with this new method also confirm earlier conclusions based on experiments using cell surface iodination: 8S IgM is the predominant Ig on the surface of murine splenocytes and the molecule appears to be attached by its µ-chains

CELL SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN : II. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN FROM MOUSE SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTES

The proteins on surfaces of living splenic lymphocytes from normal BALB/c mice were iodinated enzymatically. Such cells were fractionated into two sub-populations: one composed almost exclusively of small lymphocytes and the other mainly of large lymphocytes and plasma cells. Specific immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled surface Ig obtained from lysates of these cell populations indicated that approximately 2–3% of the acid-precipitable radioactivity from the cell surface is Ig. Moreover, 95% of the H chain radioactivity from the Ig of the small lymphocyte fraction and 90% from the large lymphocyte-plasma cell fraction was characterized as µ by precipitation with anti-µ sera as well as by molecular weight determination on polyacrylamide gels in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The Ig was recovered from the cell surface in the form of an IgM monomer. Control experiments suggested that the monomer did not result from depolymerization of 19S IgM by the methods used to radiolabel and isolate the molecule. 3H-tyrosine labeling of IgM produced by meyloma cells and radio-iodination of IgM in solution gave the same ratios of µL radioactivity as radiolabeling of IgM on cells, indicating that the tyrosine residues of L and µ-chains of cell surface IgM are available to the lactoperoxidase during the iodination. This is consistent with the hypothesis that cell surface IgM is entirely on the outside of the plasma membrane presumably attached to it by its Fc fragment. These results, together with previous reports by others, suggest that IgM, in its monomeric form, is the main antigen-specific receptor on lymphocytes of normal mice