Appendix A. Age distribution augmentation.

Age distribution augmentation

Appendix C. Sensitivity analysis.

Sensitivity analysis

Appendix B. Cross-validation.

Cross-validation

The nonadjusted and adjusted r-squares, parameter estimates, and tests for the two linear models (full models and reduced models without proportion of forest) explaining the population density per 1000 km² of brown bears, gray wolves, and Eurasian lynx in European countries.

<p>Two alternative models are presented for the lynx (Lynx 1 and Lynx 2), to define the effect of the second-order term of GDP (with and without GDP²).</p

Distance moved (m) by Scandinavian brown bears after being approached by humans.

<p>Mean distance moved (m) after disturbance for active (A) and passive (P) Scandinavian brown bears in relation to family status (Fam Stat) with the categories: females with cubs of the year (FCOY), females with yearlings (FY), and single bears (S). The error bars show the standard error of the mean.</p

Best models explaining flight initiation distance (m) by brown bears in Sweden after being approached by humans.

<p>Resulting candidate models with ΔAIC_C < 2 after model dredging. We show AIC_C values, differences in AIC_C values (ΔAIC_C) and AIC_C weights for models (W_<i>i(M)</i>) and variables (W_<i>i(V)</i>). The “+” symbol indicates inclusion of a variable in the models without an interaction with other variables, whereas the “*” symbol indicates interactions between the variables included.</p><p>Best models explaining flight initiation distance (m) by brown bears in Sweden after being approached by humans.</p

Results from the generalised linear mixed model for remaining or leaving the initial site.

<p>Results from the generalised linear mixed model (binomial link function) explaining whether brown bears remained (0) or left (1) their initial site when approached by humans on foot in central Sweden in 2006–2009 (n = 148). Test statistics are given for the model with the lowest value of AIC. The parameter <i>β</i> is the slope, SE denotes the standard error, Z denotes the z-value, and P denotes the p-value for the test.</p

Sighting distance at initial and second sites for brown bears in Scandinavia after being approached.

<p>Mean sighting distance (m) at initial (IS) and second sites (SS) for approached brown bears in different habitat types in Scandinavia (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121576#pone.0121576.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for habitat type definitions), presented for females with cubs (FC) and single bears (S), in order of habitat type (e.g. G-FC = mid-aged forest, females with cubs). Longer sighting distance indicates less horizontal vegetation cover (i.e. more open habitat). The error bars show the standard error of the mean.</p

Best models explaining time brown bears in Sweden spent active after being approached by humans.

<p>Resulting candidate models with ΔAIC_C < 2 after model dredging. We show AIC_C values, differences in AIC_C values (ΔAIC_C) and AIC_C weights for models (W_<i>i(M)</i>) and variables (W_<i>i(V)</i>). The “+” symbol indicates inclusion of a variable in the models without an interaction with other variables, whereas the “*” symbol indicates interactions between the variables included.</p><p>Best models explaining time brown bears in Sweden spent active after being approached by humans.</p

Best models explaining sighting distance for brown bears that were approached by humans in Sweden.

<p>Resulting candidate models with ΔAIC_C < 2 after model dredging. We show AIC_C values, differences in AIC_C values (ΔAIC_C) and AIC_C weights for models (W_<i>i(M</i>)) and variables (W_<i>i(V)</i>). The “+” symbol indicates inclusion of a variable in the models without an interaction with other variables, whereas the “*” symbol indicates interactions between the variables included.</p><p>Best models explaining sighting distance for brown bears that were approached by humans in Sweden.</p