Students who use drugs in high school are less likely to attend or complete college.

n recent years, students’ experiences of college have become much more diverse, with some delaying post-high school enrollment, and attending both 2 and 4 year institutions. In new research which uses national survey data, Megan E. Patrick, John E. Schulenberg and Patrick M. O’Malley give an overview of trends in college attendance and its influences. Among their results, they find that youth from two-parent families were more likely to graduate from a 4-year than a 2-year college, and that those who used cigarettes, marijuana, or other illicit drugs in high school were more likely to drop out

Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2019: Volume I, Secondary school students

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162578/4/license_rdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162578/1/Vol 1 2019 FINAL (original).pdfSEL

Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2019: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162579/1/FINAL.pdfSEL

Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2019: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-60

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162576/1/2019-20 VOL II FINAL 3.pdfSEL

Demographic subgroup trends among adolescents in the use of various licit and illicit drugs, 1975-2019 (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 94)

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162581/1/mtf-occ94.pdfSEL

Age, period and cohort effects in frequent cannabis use among US students: 1991–2018

Background and AimsAs the legal status of cannabis changes across the United States and modes of administration expand, it is important to examine the potential impact on adolescent cannabis use. This study aimed to assess changes in prevalence of frequent cannabis use in adolescents in the United States and how far this varies by age and cohort.DesignAnalysis of Monitoring the Future, a nationally representative annual survey of 8th‐, 10th‐ and 12th‐grade students in the United States conducted from 1991 to 2018.SettingIn‐school surveys completed by US adolescents.ParticipantsA total of 1 236 159 8th‐, 10th‐ and 12th‐graders; 51.5% female, 59.6% non‐Hispanic white, 12.3% non‐Hispanic black, 13.4% Hispanic and 14.7% other race/ethnicity.MeasurementsFrequent cannabis use (FCU), defined as six or more occasions in the past 30 days, stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and parental education.FindingsFCU among US adolescents increased over the study period; the peak in 2010–18 was 11.4% among 18‐year‐old students. This increase was best explained by both period and cohort effects. Compared with respondents in 2005, adolescents surveyed in 2018 had period effects in FCU that were 1.6 times greater. Adolescents in younger birth cohorts (those born > 1988) had a lower increase in FCU than those born prior to 1988. Results were consistent across sex, parent education and race/ethnicity, with period effects indicating increasing FCU after 2005 and cohort effects indicating a lower magnitude of increase in more recent birth cohorts. Age and parental education disparities in FCU have increased over time, whereas race/ethnicity differences have converged over time; black students were 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64–0.70] times as likely to use cannabis frequently as white students from 1991 to 2000, and 1.03 (95% CI = 0.98–1.09) times as likely from 2011 to 2018 (P‐value for time interaction < 0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of frequent cannabis use (FCU) increased from 1991 to 2018 among older adolescents in the United States. Racial/ethnic differences in FCU converged, whereas parental education differences have diverged.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151314/1/add14665_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151314/2/add14665.pd

How Academic Achievement, Attitudes, and Behaviors Relate to the Course of Substance Use During Adolescence: A 6-Year, Multiwave National Longitudinal Study

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75027/1/1532-7795.1303005.pd

Residential setting and parent-adolescent relationships during the college years

The relationship of residential setting (living with parents vs. living away from home while attending college) and gender with late adolescents' perceptions of their relationships with parents was examined. Four hundred four undergraduates students (mean age=20 years, 4 months) from two midwestern universities completed surveys. Two hundred four subjects lived with their parents and commuted to school, and 200 lived away at college. Controlling for student's age, parents' education, and financial and family considerations as factors in the choice of a college, living away was associated with greater independence, support, and mutual respect between parents and adolescents. In contrast, students who lived at home felt parents underestimated their maturity, and reported more conflict and avoidance in their relationships with parents. Regardless of residential setting, women reported more mutuality and support in their relationships with parents than men. The results suggest the importance of considering contextual issues during the transition to adulthood .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45280/1/10964_2005_Article_BF01536651.pd

How does state marijuana policy affect US youth? Medical marijuana laws, marijuana use and perceived harmfulness: 1991–2014

AimsTo test, among US students: (1) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana has changed over time, (2) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana changed post‐passage of state medical marijuana laws (MML) compared with pre‐passage; and (3) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana statistically mediates and/or modifies the relation between MML and marijuana use as a function of grade level.DesignCross‐sectional nationally representative surveys of US students, conducted annually, 1991–2014, in the Monitoring the Future study.SettingSurveys conducted in schools in all coterminous states; 21 states passed MML between 1996 and 2014.ParticipantsThe sample included 1 134 734 adolescents in 8th, 10th and 12th grades.MeasurementsState passage of MML; perceived harmfulness of marijuana use (perceiving great or moderate risk to health from smoking marijuana occasionally versus slight or no risk); and marijuana use (prior 30 days). Data were analyzed using time‐varying multi‐level regression modeling.FindingsThe perceived harmfulness of marijuana has decreased significantly since 1991 (from an estimated 84.0% in 1991 to 53.8% in 2014, P < 0.01) and, across time, perceived harmfulness was lower in states that passed MML [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75–0.97]. In states with MML, perceived harmfulness of marijuana increased among 8th graders after MML passage (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.36), while marijuana use decreased (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72–0.92). Results were null for other grades, and for all grades combined. Increases in perceived harmfulness among 8th graders after MML passage was associated with ~33% of the decrease in use. When adolescents were stratified by perceived harmfulness, use in 8th graders decreased to a greater extent among those who perceived marijuana as harmful.ConclusionsWhile perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the United States, the passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) is associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134418/1/add13523_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134418/2/add13523.pd

The social norms of birth cohorts and adolescent marijuana use in the United States, 1976–2007

Aims  Studies of the relationship between social norms and marijuana use have generally focused on individual attitudes, leaving the influence of larger societal‐level attitudes unknown. The present study investigated societal‐level disapproval of marijuana use defined by birth cohort or by time‐period. Design  Combined analysis of nationally representative annual surveys of secondary school students in the United States conducted from 1976 to 2007 as part of the Monitoring the Future study. Setting  In‐school surveys completed by adolescents in the United States. Participants  A total of 986 003 adolescents in grades 8, 10 and 12. Measurements  Main predictors included the percentage of students who disapproved of marijuana in each birth cohort and time‐period. Multi‐level models with individuals clustered in time‐periods of observation and birth cohorts were modeled, with past‐year marijuana use as the outcome. Findings  Results indicated a significant and strong effect of birth cohort disapproval of marijuana use in predicting individual risk of marijuana use, after controlling for individual‐level disapproval, perceived norms towards marijuana and other characteristics. Compared to birth cohorts in which most (87–90.9%) adolescents disapproved of marijuana use, odds of marijuana use were 3.53 times higher in cohorts where fewer than half (42–46.9%) disapproved (99% confidence interval: 2.75, 4.53). Conclusions  Individuals in birth cohorts that are more disapproving of marijuana use are less likely to use, independent of their personal attitudes towards marijuana use. Social norms and attitudes regarding marijuana use cluster in birth cohorts, and this clustering has a direct effect on marijuana use even after controlling for individual attitudes and perceptions of norms.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86928/1/j.1360-0443.2011.03485.x.pd