Screening Program on Superalloys for Trisonic Transport. Report No. 2. Results for Cold-Worked N155 Alloy

N155 alloy sheet cold reduced 40 and 65 percent was subjected to a screening program in the as-rolled condition designed to rate materials for possible usefulness for the airframe of a trisonic transport plane, Cold reductions of 40 to 65 percent produced the following properties at room temperature in the as-rolled N155 sheet investigated

Two Pyrantel Anthelmintics Alter Equine Fecal Microbiota

CFAES Honors Research AwardUndergraduate Research Office Research Scholar AwardHonors & Scholars Enrichment GrantHorses house a dynamic population of microbes within their hindgut that can be disrupted by diet, stress, and medication. Anthelmintic drugs are regularly administered in the horse industry to reduce internal parasites. Although anthelmintic modes of action are well known, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the interaction between the anthelmintic and the intestinal microflora in horses. The objective of this study was to monitor changes in hindgut microbiota after treatment with two pyrantel anthelmintic formulations. Ten Quarter Horse mares (8.0 ± 6.0 yr) were randomly assigned to one of two anthelmintic treatment groups: paste or pellet. All mares continued to receive their basal diet of 0.5% BW of a 12% CP pelleted concentrate with mixed grass hay and water ad libitum. Mares in the paste treatment group received one dose (0.9 g per 136 kg BW) of pyrantel pamoate paste. Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (d 0) and on d 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 post-treatment. Mares in the pellet treatment group received pyrantel tartrate pellets (28.3 g per 113 kg BW) once daily for 14 d. Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (d 0) and on d 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 of treatment as well as d 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 post-treatment. DNA was extracted from fecal samples and subjected to PCR-DGGE with universal primers specific to the V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. PCR-DGGE images were analyzed with BioNumerics software to generate dendrogram comparisons with further evaluation using principal coordinate analysis (PCA). Dendrograms and PCA revealed clustering by time in both treatment groups. Mares in the paste group showed greater change in diversity immediately follow treatment, while mares in the pellet group showed a gradual change in microbial diversity during exposure to the anthelmintic.A one-year embargo was granted for this item.Academic Major: Animal Science

Two Pyrantel Anthelmintics Alter Equine Fecal Microbiota

CFAES Honors Research AwardUndergraduate Research Office Research Scholar AwardHonors & Scholars Enrichment GrantHorses house a dynamic population of microbes within their hindgut that can be disrupted by diet, stress, and medication. Anthelmintic drugs are regularly administered in the horse industry to reduce internal parasites. Although anthelmintic modes of action are well known, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the interaction between the anthelmintic and the intestinal microflora in horses. The objective of this study was to monitor changes in hindgut microbiota after treatment with two pyrantel anthelmintic formulations. Ten Quarter Horse mares (8.0 ± 6.0 yr) were randomly assigned to one of two anthelmintic treatment groups: paste or pellet. All mares continued to receive their basal diet of 0.5% BW of a 12% CP pelleted concentrate with mixed grass hay and water ad libitum. Mares in the paste treatment group received one dose (0.9 g per 136 kg BW) of pyrantel pamoate paste. Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (d 0) and on d 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 post-treatment. Mares in the pellet treatment group received pyrantel tartrate pellets (28.3 g per 113 kg BW) once daily for 14 d. Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (d 0) and on d 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 of treatment as well as d 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 post-treatment. DNA was extracted from fecal samples and subjected to PCR-DGGE with universal primers specific to the V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. PCR-DGGE images were analyzed with BioNumerics software to generate dendrogram comparisons with further evaluation using principal coordinate analysis (PCA). Dendrograms and PCA revealed clustering by time in both treatment groups. Mares in the paste group showed greater change in diversity immediately follow treatment, while mares in the pellet group showed a gradual change in microbial diversity during exposure to the anthelmintic.A one-year embargo was granted for this item.Academic Major: Animal Science

Competition Without Chaos

California heralded the New Year with a wave of rolling blackouts, spiraling wholesale electricity prices, and at least one utility bankruptcy. California, which symbolizes the electronic age and represents an eighth of the U.S. economy and its population, faces electricity supply issues not seen since the Great Depression and the collapse of the great utility holding companies. To what extent is California the bellwether for the restructured electric industry in the United States? We do not believe that the recent crisis in California is a signal that competition and deregulation have failed. Indeed, it remains our firm belief that market-oriented restructuring of the electric industry remains the best opportunity to provide consumer benefits and to develop reliable new sources of supply. After all, a major impetus for introducing competition into the generation and marketing of electricity has been the previous failures in long-term planning decisions made by public utilities and their regulators. The regulated monopoly regime simply did not provide the correct economic incentives for a company to provide electric service efficiently. To what extent can other states that have restructured their electric industries expect to see California-like dramatic sustained price increases and supply shortages resulting in rolling blackouts? The root cause of California's problems was its long-term failure to build generating plants during the most sustained economic boom in the state's history. California's most significant restructuring problem was also a local issue. The California restructuring law required utilities collecting stranded costs to retain fixed price obligations to retail customers, while preventing them from hedging their price risk in the wholesale market by entering into long-term supply contracts. The California market design flaws have been avoided in the restructuring legislation enacted by the twenty-four states and the District of Columbia that have restructured electricity markets. Among these states are Pennsylvania and Illinois, the states where Exelon conducts public utility businesses. The restructuring efforts in these other states are generally yielding results quite different from those in California and demonstrate that thoughtful, market-oriented, evolutionary restructuring can work well for all parties. This is not a reason, however, for complacency. Government agencies, utilities and all market stakeholders must work hard to make sure this answer remains valid a few years hence. This work includes establishing appropriate pricing and incentives to encourage the building of new supply and the development of demand-side management programs; establishing regional transmission organizations in order to support the expansion of and appropriate pricing for transmission; establishing appropriate rules and pricing regarding the utilities provider of last resort or default supply obligation. The default supply issue is one of the most significant challenges to the transition to competition. If the delivery companies retain primary responsibility for arranging supply and thus lock up most of the generation sources, the result is reliable service and stable rates for customers. However, new market entrants' access to supply sources will be limited and at high prices, making it difficult for them to compete. To resolve this dilemma, we propose a bifurcated approach to default service offerings and pricing. For large customers, who have the most desirable service characteristics to competitive suppliers and thus more opportunity to hedge their price risk, the utilities' only default service obligation would be unbundled energy at a market price. For mass market customers, who lack hedging ability because of limited, if any, market development, the utilities would provide a fixed price, multi-year energy supply offering. The price for both offerings must include a risk premium adequate to compensate the utility for the risk it assumes and to avoid rates that are too low to allow alternative suppliers to compete. We believe our default supply resolution will achieve the competing goals of price stability, reliability, and the development of a mature competitive market. The California experience is not an accident or the product of bad luck. It is the product of choices, long-term choices about siting generation and transmission, and the more recent choice of a market design that imposed asymmetric risks on utilities to the ultimate detriment of all. If other states make similar choices, similar consequences can be expected to follow. In short, the California experience is no reason to reject restructuring; it is rather a forceful lesson on the importance of doing it right.

Guest Opinion: Human Aging There\u27s Less to It Than We Thought

Hearing and memory losses, cognitive decline, easily fractured bones, crankiness and depression are often considered to be inevitable accompaniments of the aging process. Yet many losses which have traditionally been thought of as age determined are, on more careful examination, turning out to be merely age-associated. Many of the declines we associate with being elderly can be explained in terms of lifestyle, habits, diet and other psychosocial factors which are not a necessary part of the aging proces

Increasing the efficiency of a solar oven

The objective of this experiment was to design, build and evaluate a solar oven that was both economically viable and thermally efficient. In addition to the economic objective, I sought to determine the best reflector angle for the solar cooker, by measuring the following parameters: cooking power, efficiency, and effectiveness. Halogen lamps were used to simulate natural  unlight, as the outdoor condition was too variable in the UK to guarantee continued sunlight for 120 minutes in a controlled fashion. The most effective reflector angle i.e. the reflector angle with the greatest ability to convert the solar insolation into thermal energy is the 60°C. However, the data shows that the 70°C reflector angle produces the highest temperature consistently. Over the series of different methods for evaluating the best reflector and angle, it would seem that a 70°C angle is consistently highest in most of the test. With a reflector angle of 70°C, by 120 minutes, the solar oven was able t

Literary Adaptations of James in Roth\u27s, Ozick\u27s, and Franzen\u27s Work

In his article Literary Adaptations of James in Roth\u27s, Ozick\u27s, and Franzen\u27s Work John Carlos Rowe posits that Henry James continues to exert a powerful influence on contemporary writers. Given the dramatic social, economic, and political changes from modern to postmodern eras, his continuing influence requires explanation. Rowe considers three US-American novelists—Philip Roth, Cynthia Ozick, and Jonathan Franzen—who are influenced by James and presents an interpretation of James\u27s continuing impact. Despite James\u27s reputation as a cosmopolitan modern who influenced global literature in significant ways, US-American writers attempt to Americanize him. Their effort expresses the problem of contemporary US-American literary practice and its professional interpretation: as national literatures lose their boundaries, authors, critics, and scholars alike face the problem of understanding their work in relationship to communities which exceed conventional geopolitical and cultural national forms. James\u27s transnational experience and work anticipate a crisis of representation and interpretation we are just now beginning to address