Specification of the effects of income and other socioeconomic factors on the consumption of food nutrients

The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate the effect of income and other selected socioeconomic characteristics of the household and female head of household on consumption of food energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) by households in the United States and the four census regions of the United States, (2) to separate the quantity of protein consumed per household into two groups by source, plant or animal, and to estimate a household consumption relationship for each source for the United States and the four census regions of the United States, (3) to estimate income elasticities for each respective nutrient at specified income levels for all regions of the United States and for the United States, (4) to compare the relation-ship of household consumption of each respective nutrient and income, ceteris paribus, with the Recommended Dietary Allowance for the United States, and (5) to examine the policy implications of the findings rela-tive to income distribution and nutritional adequacy, nutrition education programs, and future production and marketing decisions. Data from approximately 7,150 households located in the contiguous states of the United States were utilized to specify household nutrient consumption relationships. Also, these data were separated by geographic location of the household to facilitate the estimation of nutrient con-sumption relationships for households in the South, Northeast, North Central, and West regions of the United States. These relationships were developed using multiple regression analysis. Characteristics of the household and female head of household hypothesized to influence household consumption of food nutrients were; income, location, race, education of the homemaker, stage in the family life cycle, family size, eating habits, and employment status of the homemaker. Major implications drawn from the results of this study were; 1. Increases in household disposable income in the United States should result in increases in household consumption of food energy, animal protein, fat, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid up to some income level. This increase in consumption should be especially true for animal protein, fat, vitamin A, and vitamin C. Therefore, consumption of meats and fruits (especially citrus fruits) may increase in the future in response to increases in income. A leveling-off of consumption with increases in income was reflected at income levels above $8,000. 2. A trend toward a more urban society in the United States would result in a possible decline in consumption of most food nutrients. 3. Diets of Negro households were comparable or superior to diets of white households in all regions except the South. Diets of Negro households were weakest in the consumption of calcium. 4. Increases in the level of education attained by the homemaker resulted in declines in the consumption of food energy, fat, carbohy-drate, iron, thiamine, and vegetable protein and increases in the consump-tion of calcium, vitamin C, and animal protein by the household, 5. A trend toward smaller families would result in smaller quantities of most nutrients being consumed by households. 6. A trend away from the traditional three meals per day pattern to fewer meals per day would result in declines in household nutrient consumption. 7. Increased employment of housewives outside the home would result in greater household consumption of food energy, fat, and carbo-hydrates. 8. On the average, the distribution of income among households in the United States and regions of the United States was sufficient to generate adequate levels of consumption of all nutrients, ceteris paribus. The greatest possibility of a deficiency existed for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C consumption. These deficiencies were not limited to the lowest income households or to any particular income level. 9. The problem of nutritional excesses in household consumption of food nutrients should be a major nutritional concern in the United States

Carbon−Heteroatom and Carbon−Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions: Special Issue in Honor of the 2019 Wolf Prize Laureates in Chemistry, Professors Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154904/1/ijch202000013_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154904/2/ijch202000013.pd

THE ROLE AND IMPACT OF LONG-TERM, FAITH-BASED REENTRY PROGRAMS AFTER INCARCERATION

The focus of this exploratory study is on individuals who have completed long term, faith-based reentry programs after incarceration. Through one-on-one interviews with participants, this study will examine the impact that long-term, faith-based treatment programs have had in helping persons with a criminal past re-acclimate back into society. As more reentry programs focus on skills-based treatment only, this study seeks to explore the integration of faith and spirituality in long-term faith-based treatment programs in conjunction with other treatment modalities. This study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the critical elements necessary to help individuals overcome their past and collateral consequences to become contributing members of our society. Keywords: reentry, faith-based programs, recidivism, collateral consequence

Localization of Metal-Induced Gap States at the Metal-Insulator Interface:Origin of Flux Noise in SQUIDs and Superconducting Qubits

The origin of magnetic flux noise in Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices with a power spectrum scaling as $1/f$ ($f$ is frequency) has been a puzzle for over 20 years. This noise limits the decoherence time of superconducting qubits. A consensus has emerged that the noise arises from fluctuating spins of localized electrons with an areal density of $5\times10^{17}$m$^{-2}$. We show that, in the presence of potential disorder at the metal-insulator interface, some of the metal-induced gap states become localized and produce local moments. A modest level of disorder yields the observed areal density

One-Dimensional Shear Wave Profiling for V30 and Nehrp Soil Classification Using the Refraction Microtremor (Remi) Method

The refraction microtremor (ReMi) method uses standard P-wave, refraction recording equipment to record ambient noise and then uses a wavefield transformation to produce Rayleigh wave dispersion curves from which average one-dimensional shear-wave profile of the subsurface can be derived. The combination of commonly available equipment, simple recording with no source, a wavefield transformation data processing technique, and an interactive Rayleigh-wave dispersion modeling tool exploits the most effective aspects of the microtremor, spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW), and multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) techniques. It overcomes several of the problems afflicting other techniques for estimating shallow shear velocities that make them expensive or difficult to use in urban areas. For example, the refraction microtremor method requires no source, no drilling, and noise helps rather than hinder the data acquisition. It has been very effective for quickly and cheaply determining 30-m average shear wave-velocity (V30) and thus the NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program) soil classification. In addition, it has also been used for liquefaction analysis and finding buried cultural features, such as dumps and piers. In this paper we briefly discuss the method and present case studies showing its use in different geologic settings and engineering applications

Louie B. Nunn Interview

Transcript of an oral history interview with former Governor Louie Nunn by Yvonne Baldwin and John Ernst on his experiences during the Vietnam War on March 13, 1998

Three-dimensional imaging of steeply dipping structure near the San Andreas fault, Parkfield, California

Shot gathers from the Parkfield, California, deep crustal seismic reflection line, recorded in 1977 by COCORP, reveal coherent events having horizontal to reverse moveouts. These events were migrated using a multioffset three-dimensional Kirchhoff summation method. This method is a ray-equation back projection inversion of the acoustic wave field, which is valid under the Born, WKBJ, and far-field assumptions. Migration of full-wave acoustic synthetics, having the same limitations in geometric coverage as the COCORP survey, demonstrates the utility of the imaging process. The images obtained from back projection of the survey data suggest that the Gold Hill fault carries ultramafic rocks from the surface to 3 km depth at a dip greater than 45 degrees, where it joins the San Andreas fault, which may cut through more homogeneous materials at shallow depths. To the southwest, a 2 km Tertiary sedimentary section appears to terminate against a near-vertical fault. The zone between this fault and the San Andreas may be floored at 3 km by flat-lying ultramafics. Lateral velocity inhomogeneities are not accounted for in the migration but, in this case, do not seriously hinder the reconstruction of reflectors