Spatially Extended 21 cm Signal from Strongly Clustered UV and X-Ray Sources in the Early Universe

We present our prediction for the local 21 cm differential brightness temperature ($\delta T_{b}$) from a set of strongly clustered sources of Population III (Pop III) and II (Pop II) objects in the early Universe, by a numerical simulation of their formation and radiative feedback. These objects are located inside a highly biased environment, which is a rare, high-density peak ("Rarepeak") extending to $\sim7$ comoving Mpc. We study the impact of ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray photons on the intergalactic medium (IGM) and the resulting $\delta T_{b}$, when Pop III stars are assumed to emit X-ray photons by forming X-ray binaries very efficiently. We parameterize the rest-frame spectral energy distribution (SED) of X-ray photons, which regulates X-ray photon-trapping, IGM-heating, secondary Lyman-alpha pumping and the resulting morphology of $\delta T_{b}$. A combination of emission ($\delta T_{b}>0$) and absorption ($\delta T_{b}<0$) regions appears in varying amplitudes and angular scales. The boost of the signal by the high-density environment ($\delta\sim0.64$) and on a relatively large scale combine to make Rarepeak a discernible, spatially-extended ($\theta\sim10'$) object for 21 cm observation at $13\lesssim z\lesssim17$, which is found to be detectable as a single object by SKA with integration time of $\sim1000$ hours. Power spectrum analysis by some of the SKA precursors (LOFAR, MWA, PAPER) of such rare peaks is found difficult due to the rarity of these peaks, and the contribution only by these rare peaks to the total power spectrum remains subdominant compared to that by all astrophysical sources.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ; Major revision done on the cosmological 21-cm line transfer, allowing for generic cases with peculiar motion of gas and non-negligible optical dept

Self-consistent non-Markovian theory of a quantum state evolution for quantum information processing

It is shown that the operator sum representation for non-Markovian dynamics and the Lindblad master equation in Markovian limit can be derived from a formal solution to quantum Liouville equation for a qubit system in the presence of decoherence processes self-consistently. Our formulation is the first principle theory based on projection-operator formalism to obtain an exact reduced density operator in time-convolutionless form starting from the quantum Liouville equation for a noisy quantum computer. The advantage of our approach is that it is general enough to describe a realistic quantum computer in the presence of decoherence provided details of the Hamiltonians are known.Comment: 5page

Bone healing in an aged murine fracture model is characterized by sustained callus inflammation and decreased cell proliferation

Geriatric fractures take longer to heal and heal with more complications than those of younger patients; however, the mechanistic basis for this difference in healing is not well understood. To improve this understanding, we investigated cell and molecular differences in fracture healing between 5‐month‐old (young adult) and 25‐month‐old (geriatric) mice healing utilizing high‐throughput analysis of gene expression. Mice underwent bilateral tibial fractures and fracture calluses were harvested at 5, 10, and 20 days post‐fracture (DPF) for analysis. Global gene expression analysis was performed using Affymetrix MoGene 1.0 ST microarrays. After normalization, data were compared using ANOVA and evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), CTen, heatmap, and Incromaps analysis. PCA and cross‐sectional heatmap analysis demonstrated that DPF followed by age had pronounced effects on changes in gene expression. Both un‐fractured and 20 DPF aged mice showed increased expression of immune‐associated genes (CXCL8, CCL8, and CCL5) and at 10 DPF, aged mice showed increased expression of matrix‐associated genes, (Matn1, Ucma, Scube1, Col9a1, and Col9a3). Cten analysis suggested an enrichment of CD8+ cells and macrophages in old mice relative to young adult mice and, conversely, a greater prevalence of mast cells in young adult mice relative to old. Finally, consistent with the PCA data, the classic bone healing pathways of BMP, Indian Hedgehog, Notch and Wnt clustered according to the time post‐fracture first and age second. Clinical Significance: Greater understanding of age‐dependent molecular changes with healing will help form a mechanistic basis for therapies to improve patient outcomes. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:149–158, 2018.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142531/1/jor23652.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142531/2/jor23652_am.pd

Gauge Theories with Tensors from Branes and Orientifolds

We present brane constructions in Type IIA string theory for N=1 supersymmetric SO and Sp gauge theories with tensor representations using an orientifold 6-plane. One limit of these set-ups corresponds to N=2 theories previously constructed by Landsteiner and Lopez, while a different limit yields N=1 SO or Sp theories with a massless tensor and no superpotential. For the Sp-type orientifold projection comparison with the field theory moduli space leads us to postulate two new rules governing the stability of configurations of D-branes intersecting the orientifold. Lifting one of our configurations to M-theory by finding the corresponding curves, we re-derive the N=1 dualities for SO and Sp groups using semi-infinite D4 branes.Comment: Discussion on duality in U(N) with a symmetric or antisymmetric flavor added to Section 4. Typos fixe

Density matrix operatorial solution of the non--Markovian Master Equation for Quantum Brownian Motion

An original method to exactly solve the non-Markovian Master Equation describing the interaction of a single harmonic oscillator with a quantum environment in the weak coupling limit is reported. By using a superoperatorial approach we succeed in deriving the operatorial solution for the density matrix of the system. Our method is independent of the physical properties of the environment. We show the usefulness of our solution deriving explicit expressions for the dissipative time evolution of some observables of physical interest for the system, such as, for example, its mean energy.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figur

Suppression of Notch Signaling in Osteoclasts Improves Bone Regeneration and Healing

Owing to the central role of osteoclasts in bone physiology and remodeling, manipulation of their maturation process provides a potential therapeutic strategy for treating bone diseases. To investigate this, we genetically inhibited the Notch signaling pathway in the myeloid lineage, which includes osteoclast precursors, using a dominant negative form of MAML (dnMAML) that inhibits the transcriptional complex required for downstream Notch signaling. Osteoclasts derived from dnMAML mice showed no significant differences in early osteoclastic gene expression compared to the wild type. Further, these demonstrated significantly lowered resorption activity using bone surfaces while retaining their osteoblast stimulating ability using ex vivo techniques. Using in vivo approaches, we detected significantly higher bone formation rates and osteoblast gene expression in dnMAML cohorts. Further, these mice exhibited increased bone/tissue mineral density compared to wild type and larger bony calluses in later stages of fracture healing. These observations suggest that therapeutic suppression of osteoclast Notch signaling could reduce, but not eliminate, osteoclastic resorption without suppression of restorative bone remodeling and, therefore, presents a balanced paradigm for increasing bone formation, regeneration, and healing. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2089–2103, 2019Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151846/1/jor24384.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151846/2/jor24384_am.pd