Minimizing the Pain of Local Anesthesia Administration in Interventional Radiology with an Anesthetic Portal Technique

Objective This article assesses the effectiveness of a standardized local anesthetic (LA) technique designed to minimize the pain of local anesthesia administration in interventional radiology (IR). Materials and Methods A prospective study compared participants' experience in a control group (n = 63) of random LA administration techniques to a separate experimental group (n = 60) with a standardized technique based on known methods to minimize the pain of LA. Participants in each group were surveyed after LA administration to assess perceived pain and number of times a painful stick was felt. Participants were also asked to compare LA pain to prior experiences with LA, and to compare the overall pain experienced during the procedure to expected pain. Statistical Analysis Ordinal variable distribution analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Categorical variable analyses were performed with the Pearson's global exact chi-square test. Results Pain of LA (mean 1.1 vs. 3.3 on a 0–10 scale, p < 0.001), number of times a painful stick was felt (mean 0.8 vs. 1.9 times, p < 0.001), and overall pain during the procedure (mean 1.5 vs. 3.4 on 0–10 scale, p < 0.001) were significantly less using the standardized versus random techniques. Compared with prior experiences of LA, pain using the standardized technique was less in 77.6%, the same in 22.4%, and more in 0% of patients while pain using the random technique was less in 46.4%, the same in 39.3%, and more in 14.3% of patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion Severity and frequency of pain from LA administration in IR procedures is minimized using a standardized anesthetic portal technique. This technique may also decrease overall pain experienced during IR procedures as well

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: predictive factors and clinical outcome for the patients who needed first-time mesenteric conventional angiography

PURPOSE:We aimed to investigate patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding who presented to the emergency department requiring initial conventional angiography. We report risk-stratified and mesenteric conventional angiography outcomes.METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding between 2001 and 2012. We included all consecutive patients with clinical lower gastrointestinal bleeding with a requirement of further angiography and possible embolization. Patients who had prior interventions or surgery were excluded.RESULTS:A total of 88 patients (35 women, 53 men) with a median age of 71 years (range, 23–99 years) were included in the analysis. Conventional angiography was positive and endovascular treatment was intended in 35 patients. Once the source of bleeding was found angiographically, endovascular treatment had a technical success rate of 90.3% and clinical success rate of 71.4%. Overall early rebleeding rate (30 days) was 13.6%.CONCLUSION:Identifying the source of lower gastrointestinal bleeding remains to be a clinical and angiographic challenge. Although we did not observe an association between mortality and clinical success, increased early rebleeding rates were associated with higher mortality rates

Closing in on Asymmetric Dark Matter I: Model independent limits for interactions with quarks

It is argued that experimental constraints on theories of asymmetric dark matter (ADM) almost certainly require that the DM be part of a richer hidden sector of interacting states of comparable mass or lighter. A general requisite of models of ADM is that the vast majority of the symmetric component of the DM number density must be removed in order to explain the observed relationship $\Omega_B\sim\Omega_{DM}$ via the DM asymmetry. Demanding the efficient annihilation of the symmetric component leads to a tension with experimental limits if the annihilation is directly to Standard Model (SM) degrees of freedom. A comprehensive effective operator analysis of the model independent constraints on ADM from direct detection experiments and LHC monojet searches is presented. Notably, the limits obtained essentially exclude models of ADM with mass 1GeV$\lesssim m_{DM} \lesssim$ 100GeV annihilating to SM quarks via heavy mediator states. This motivates the study of portal interactions between the dark and SM sectors mediated by light states. Resonances and threshold effects involving the new light states are shown to be important for determining the exclusion limits.Comment: 18+6 pages, 18 figures. v2: version accepted for publicatio

Hypertonic saline reduces inflammation and enhances the resolution of oleic acid induced acute lung injury

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hypertonic saline (HTS) reduces the severity of lung injury in ischemia-reperfusion, endotoxin-induced and ventilation-induced lung injury. However, the potential for HTS to modulate the resolution of lung injury is not known. We investigated the potential for hypertonic saline to modulate the evolution and resolution of oleic acid induced lung injury.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used in all experiments. <b><it>Series 1 </it></b>examined the potential for HTS to reduce the severity of evolving oleic acid (OA) induced acute lung injury. Following intravenous OA administration, animals were randomized to receive isotonic (Control, n = 12) or hypertonic saline (HTS, n = 12), and the extent of lung injury assessed after 6 hours. <b><it>Series 2 </it></b>examined the potential for HTS to enhance the resolution of oleic acid (OA) induced acute lung injury. Following intravenous OA administration, animals were randomized to receive isotonic (Control, n = 6) or hypertonic saline (HTS, n = 6), and the extent of lung injury assessed after 6 hours.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In <b><it>Series I</it></b>, HTS significantly reduced bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil count compared to Control [61.5 ± 9.08 versus 102.6 ± 11.89 × 10³ cells.ml^-1]. However, there were no between group differences with regard to: A-a O2 gradient [11.9 ± 0.5 vs. 12.0 ± 0.5 KPa]; arterial PO2; static lung compliance, or histologic injury. In contrast, in <b><it>Series 2</it></b>, hypertonic saline significantly reduced histologic injury and reduced BAL neutrophil count [24.5 ± 5.9 versus 46.8 ± 4.4 × 10³ cells.ml^-1], and interleukin-6 levels [681.9 ± 190.4 versus 1365.7 ± 246.8 pg.ml^-1].</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the potential for HTS to reduce pulmonary inflammation and enhance the resolution of oleic acid induced lung injury.</p

Reticulocalbin 2 as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis

Vascular inflammation initiated by oxidized lipoproteins drives initiation, progression, and even rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Yet, to date, no biomarker is directly linked to oxidized lipid-induced vascular inflammation. Reticulocalbin 2 (RCN2) is a key regulator of basal and oxidized lipid-induced cytokine production in arterial wall cells. We evaluated the potential of circulating RCN2 to identify subjects with or at risk of developing atherosclerosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed abundant RCN2 expression in the endothelium and adventitia of normal arteries and in atherosclerotic lesions of both humans and mice. Atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice had higher plasma Rcn2 levels than resistant C3H mice. High-fat diet feeding raised plasma Rcn2 levels of both strains. In humans, patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral artery disease (PAD) showed elevated serum RCN2 levels compared to healthy controls. In a cohort of 92 CAD patients, serum RCN2 exhibited a significant inverse correlation with HDL cholesterol and K+ levels and a trend toward association with white blood cell account, Na+, statin treatment, and diastolic blood pressure. HDL treatment suppressed Rcn2 expression in endothelial cells. This study suggests that circulating RCN2 is a potential non-invasive biomarker for identifying individuals with atherosclerosis and HDL protects against atherosclerosis by downregulation of RCN2 expression in endothelial cells

Atherogenesis in <i>Apoe</i>^−/− and <i>Ldlr</i>^−/− Mice with a Genetically Resistant Background

Apoe-deficient (Apoe−/−) and Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr−/−) mice are two common animal models of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The two models differ in lipid and glucose metabolism and other mechanisms involved in atherogenesis. Here we examined atherosclerotic lesion formation in the two models with an atherosclerosis-resistant C3H/HeJ (C3H) background. 3-month-old C3H-Ldlr−/− and C3H-Apoe−/− mice developed minimal atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root when fed a chow diet. After 12 weeks on a Western diet, C3H-Ldlr−/− mice developed 3-fold larger lesions than C3H-Apoe−/− mice in the aortic root (127,386 ± 13,439 vs. 41,542 ± 5075 μm2/section; p = 0.00028), but neither knockout formed any lesion in the carotid artery. After being ligated near its bifurcation, the common carotid artery developed intimal lesions in both knockouts 4 weeks after ligation, significantly larger in C3H-Ldlr−/− than C3H-Apoe−/− mice (68,721 ± 2706 vs. 47,472 ± 8146 μm2/section; p = 0.028). Compared to C3H-Apoe−/− mice, C3H-Ldlr−/− mice showed a 50% reduction in plasma MCP-1 levels, similar levels of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress biomarker, on both chow and Western diets, but higher small dense LDL levels on the Western diet. These results suggest a more significant role for small dense LDL than inflammation and oxidative stress in the different susceptibility of the mouse models to atherosclerosis