ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RECYCLING LIVESTOCK WASTES--ALGAE PRODUCTION USING WASTE PRODUCTS

Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries,

Skeletal Muscle Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma : 21 cases and review of the literature

Objectives: This study aimed to raise radiologists’ awareness of skeletal muscle metastases (SMM) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases and to clarify their imaging appearance. Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 21 patients between 44–75 years old with 72 SMM treated from January 1990 to May 2009 at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, USA. Additionally, 37 patients with 44 SMM from a literature review were analysed. Results: Among the 21 patients, the majority of SMM were asymptomatic and detected via computed tomography (CT). Mean metastasis size was 18.3 mm and the most common site was the trunk muscles (83.3%). The interval between discovery of the primary tumour and metastasis detection ranged up to 234 months. Peripheral enhancement (47.1%) was the most common post-contrast CT pattern and non-contrasted CT lesions were often isodense. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics were varied. Five lesions with available T1-weighted pre-contrast images were hyperintense to the surrounding muscle. Other organ metastases were present in 20 patients. Of the 44 SMM reported in the literature, the majority were symptomatic. Average metastasis size was 53.4 mm and only 20.5% of SMM were in trunk muscles. The average interval between tumour discovery and metastasis detection was 101 months. Other organ metastases were recorded in 17 out of 29 patients. Conclusion: SMM should always be considered in patients with RCC, even well after primary treatment. SMM from RCC may be invisible on CT without intravenous contrast; contrast-enhanced studies are therefore recommended. SMM are often hyperintense to the surrounding muscle on T1-weighted MRI scans

A prospective study of preoperative computed tomographic angiography for head and neck reconstruction with anterolateral thigh flaps

Background: During anterolateral thigh flap harvest, inadequate perforators may necessitate modification of the flap design, exploration of the contralateral thigh, or additional flap harvest. Computed tomographic angiography may facilitate perforator mapping and optimize flap design. The authors performed this pilot study to determine the predictive power of computed tomographic angiography in anterolateral thigh flap planning and execution. Methods: Sixteen consecutive computed tomographic angiography-mapped anterolateral thigh flaps for head and neck reconstruction were studied. Perforator location, origin, caliber, and course were compared between computed tomographic angiography and intraoperative findings. The relationship of patient characteristics, imaging studies, and intraoperative factors to flap design and surgical outcomes was analyzed. Results: Among the 16 anterolateral thigh flaps, 40 of 54 perforators identified intraoperatively were visible on computed tomographic angiography, resulting in 74 percent sensitivity. Intraoperative perforator location averaged 0.35 cm from the computed tomographic angiography-predicted location. The overall ability of computed tomographic angiography to predict perforator size was 67.5 percent. Its overall accuracy in predicting whether a perforator took a septocutaneous or intramuscular course before perforating the deep fascia was 77.5 percent. Preoperative angiography resulted in surgeons modifying the operative plan in 37 percent of cases and 57 percent of double-island flap cases. All flaps were elevated successfully and survived. Conclusions: Computed tomographic angiography identified larger perforators better than smaller ones and proximal perforators better than distal ones. It accurately predicted the location and origin of visible perforators and less accurately predicted the size and course of visible perforators. Most importantly, the information it provided influenced surgeons to modify their reconstructive strategy, resulting in a higher level of recipient-site specificity. Copyright © 2011 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Skeletal Muscle Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma: 21 cases and review of the literature

Objectives: This study aimed to raise radiologists’ awareness of skeletal muscle metastases (SMM) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases and to clarify their imaging appearance. Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 21 patients between 44–75 years old with 72 SMM treated from January 1990 to May 2009 at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, USA. Additionally, 37 patients with 44 SMM from a literature review were analysed. Results: Among the 21 patients, the majority of SMM were asymptomatic and detected via computed tomography (CT). Mean metastasis size was 18.3 mm and the most common site was the trunk muscles (83.3%). The interval between discovery of the primary tumour and metastasis detection ranged up to 234 months. Peripheral enhancement (47.1%) was the most common post-contrast CT pattern and non-contrasted CT lesions were often isodense. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics were varied. Five lesions with available T1-weighted pre-contrast images were hyperintense to the surrounding muscle. Other organ metastases were present in 20 patients. Of the 44 SMM reported in the literature, the majority were symptomatic. Average metastasis size was 53.4 mm and only 20.5% of SMM were in trunk muscles. The average interval between tumour discovery and metastasis detection was 101 months. Other organ metastases were recorded in 17 out of 29 patients. Conclusion: SMM should always be considered in patients with RCC, even well after primary treatment. SMM from RCC may be invisible on CT without intravenous contrast; contrast-enhanced studies are therefore recommended. SMM are often hyperintense to the surrounding muscle on T1-weighted MRI scans

Heterotopic ossification: radiological and pathological review

Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is a common condition referring to ectopic bone formation in soft tissues. It has two major etiologies, acquired (more common) and genetic. The acquired form is closely related to tissue trauma. The exact pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear; however, there is ongoing research in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments that is promising

Multiparametric MRI for the Assessment of Treatment Effect and Tumor Recurrence in Soft-tissue Sarcoma of the Extremities

Soft-tissue sarcomas are a rare and complex group of malignant tumors. Advanced MRI sequences such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion-weighted imaging/dynamic contrast enhancement (PWI/DCE) can provide valuable tumor characterization and treatment response assessment. In the case of archetypical cellular tumors such as Pleomorphic Undifferentiated sarcoma (UPS), Good responders often display right-side displacement of the ADC intensity histogram, resulting in increased ADC-mean and decreased kurtosis and Skewness compared with Baseline and poor responders’ more left-sided curve. The PWI/DCE pattern most often associated with a good response is the presence of a “capsular-like” enhancement and a TIC type 2. Sarcoma hemorrhage patterns on SWI emerge during treatment, including “interstitial,” globular,” “luminal,” and incomplete and complete “peripheral ring-like” tumor wall hemosiderin impregnation. Treatment-induced bleeding is typically associated with low SWI-mean values and a left-sided intensity histogram with positive Skewness.During post-surgical surveillance, DCE MR imaging can reliably distinguish recurrent sarcoma from post-surgical scarring. TICs III, IV, and V raise the suspicion of local tumor recurrence, while TIC type II usually represents benign post-operative change such as granulation tissue. Advanced MRI is an essential tool for assessing sarcomas during and after therapy