KONSTEN ATT SYMBOLISERA

Artikeln behandlar frågan om olikhet och likhet inom Sigmund Freuds verk. Författaren driver tesen att Freud i samband med sina analyser av konstnärerna och den kreativa människan lyfter fram det som förenar människor. I Freuds tekniska skrifter fokuseras i större utsträckning på det som skiljer människor åt, exempelvis skillnaden mellan läkare och patient. Trots att idén om en läroanalys (Lehranalyse) bryter mot idén om människors distinkta olikhet är skillnaden tydlig i de tekniska skrifterna. Inom ramen för behandlingstraditionen finns ett behov av att klargöra vem som är läkare och vem som är patient. Freud – själv läkare, men en läkare som aldrig helt identifierade sig som sådan – och hans tänkande befinner sig i en rörelse mellan dessa två positioner

Psychoanalysis in Sweden

Some of the ideas of Sigmund Freud were preceded in a literary form by the Swedish writer August Strindberg in the late 19th century. Psychoanalysis itself was introduced to Sweden about a decade into the 20th century by two rivalling pioneers, the doctors Emanuel af Geijerstam and Poul Bjerre. After a slow start, the Danish-Norwegian Psychoanalytical Society and the Finnish-Swedish Psychoanalytical Society were formed in 1934 in Stockholm. The same year, Ericastiftelsen [The Erica Foundation], a psychotherapeutic clinic for children, was founded by Hanna Bratt. Five years later, in 1939, also in Stockholm, the organization that was to become St. Lukasstiftelsen [The Saint Luke’s Foundation] was founded. It has been, and still is, an association that has trained psychodynamic psychotherapists, with a focus on existential, religious and philosophical questions. Today, St. Luke’s tries to be up-dated from an academic standpoint. During the Second World War, several important psychoanalysts came to Sweden, for example René de Monchy, Lajos and Edith Székely, and Stefi Pedersen. Few Swedes have contributed to the international psychoanalytic literature. However, Ola Andersson’s doctoral dissertation (“Studies in the Prehistory of Psychoanalysis,” 1962) and the historian Gunnar Brandell’s essay (“Freud, a Man of His Century,” 1961) have had an international impact. In the last two decades, an authorized and carefully edited translation of Freud’s collected works has been published by Natur och Kultur, and the history of psychoanalysis in Sweden has been written at the University of Gothenburg. Since 1990, several Stockholm based Swedish psychoanalysts have published articles in the journal Divan about the relationship between psychoanalysis and culture. As a result of a recent interest in the work of Jacques Lacan, and French psychoanalysis, philosophy and literature, the journal Psykoanalytisk Tid/Skrift was founded in 2002, in Gothenburg. Since 2011 the journal is called Arche. The largest organized group of psychoanalysts in Sweden today is the Swedish Psychoanalytical Association (SPAF), which has about 225 members. Since 2008, it no longer has the right to license psychotherapists, a situation that reflects the position of psychoanalysis outside the mainstream of psychiatric health services and academic psychology. Despite the criticism of Freud’s thinking from biologically and cognitively oriented theoretical standpoints, the interest in psychoanalysis endures, which can be considered a promising and intriguing inconsistency

Supercharged Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is the third alternative for combustion in the reciprocating engine. Here a homogeneous charge is used as in a spark-ignited engine, but the charge is compressed to autoignition as in a diesel. The main difference compared with the Spark Ignition (SI) engine is the lack of flame propagation and hence the independence from turbulence. Compared with the diesel engine, HCCI has a homogeneous charge and hence no problems associated with soot and NOdx formation. Earlier research on HCCI showed high efficiency and very low amounts of NOdx, but HC and CO were higher than in SI mode. It was not possible to achieve high IMEP values with HCCI, the limit being 5 bar. Supercharging is one way to dramatically increase IMEP. The influence of supercharging on HCCI was therefore experimentally investigated. Three different fuels were used during the experiments: iso-octane, ethanol and natural gas. Two different compression ratios were used, 17:1 and 19:1. The inlet pressure conditions were set to give 0, 1, or 2 bar of boost pressure. The highest attainable IMEP was 14 bar using natural gas as fuel at the lower compression ratio. The limit in achieving even higher IMEP was set by the high rate of combustion and a high peak pressure. Numerical calculations of the HCCI process have been performed for natural gas as fuel. The calculated ignition timings agreed well with the experimental findings. The numerical solution is, however, very sensitive to the composition of the natural gas

Modelling effects of regeneration method on the growth and profitability of Scots pine stands

Despite numerous studies there are still uncertainties regarding regeneration strategies that are optimal for productivity and profitability. Thus the aim of this study was to establish effects of three regeneration methods (planting, direct seeding and natural regeneration) on the production and profitability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in southern Sweden. Long-term stand development was simulated, with the StandWise application of the Heureka decision support system, starting from short-term regeneration outcomes observed in several field experiments at sites with relatively high productivity (H100 site indices, i.e. heights of dominant pines at 100 years: 27-30 m). Financial and production results of each approach were assessed in terms of Land Expectation Value (LEV) and Mean Annual Increment (MAI), respectively, across a whole rotation. Planting on clear-cuts with 1600-3265 seedlings per hectare resulted in the highest profitability and production, whereas high-density planting (10,000 seedlings per hectare) resulted in negative LEV. However, sensitivity analysis showed that the results depended on the interest rate. Retention of seed-trees incurred additional costs relative to single-operation clear felling. In contrast, retention of shelter-trees had good financial results (at 0% and 2.5% interest rate), although they depended on the site index and average tree size

Hydrogen Addition For Improved Lean Burn Capability of Slow and Fast Burning Natural Gas Combustion Chambers

One way to extend the lean-burn limit of a natural gas engine is by addition of hydrogen to the primary fuel. This paper presents measurements made on a one-cylinder, 1.6- liter natural gas engine. Two combustion chambers, one slow and one fast burning, were tested with various amounts of hydrogen (0, 5, 10 and 15%-vol) added to natural gas. Three operating points were investigated for each combustion chamber and each hydrogen content level; idle, part load (5 bar IMEP) and 13 bar IMEP (simulated turbocharging). Air/fuel ratio was varied between stoichiometric and the lean limit. For each operating point, a range of ignition timings were tested to find maximum brake torque (MBT) and/or knock. Heat-release rate calculations were made in order to assess the influence of hydrogen addition on burn rate. Addition of hydrogen showed an increase in burn rate for both combustion chambers, resulting in more stable combustion close to the lean limit. This effect was most pronounced for lean operation with the slow combustion chamber

Un modelo para la evaluacion de la calidad e-learning

The Swedish National Agency of Higher Education conducted a study, 2007-2008, in order to develop knowledge about what constitutes quality in e-learning, and how such quality may be assessed within the framework of a national quality assurance system.This paper presents a model for quality assessment of e-learning. The model has been developed using analyses of policy documents, networks and development projects initiated within the framework of European cooperation and analyses of how different national assessment organizations and agencies charged with promoting the national development of  e-learning deal with the question of quality assessment of e-learning and distance learning. These descriptions and analyses cover nine countries. The analyses indicate that while e-learning is on the agenda in many European contexts and in individual countries, it is only recently – and much more sporadically – that the subject has been broached of how e-learning quality should be assessed. In many organizations, quality in e-learning appears to be a non-issue. A survey of current research in the area is also included in this study, and serves as the central basis for the proposed assessment model.The National Agency’s model for assessing quality in e-learning – Elearning quality (ELQ) – comprises ten quality aspects which, in our view, are central to such assessments: 1) Material/ content, 2) Structure/virtual environment, 3) Communication, cooperation and interactivity, 4) Student assessment, 5) Flexibility and adaptability, 6) Support (student and staff), 7) Staff qualifications and experience, 8) Vision and institutional leadership, 9) Resource allocation, 10) The holistic and process aspect.Further, it is our view that elearning quality must be assessed from a systems perspective, i.e. that the quality of the education is determined by all of the above aspects taken together, and by their interrelationships. Another central conclusion is that if a national agency or other organization is to assess e-learning, it is not enough simply to draw up quality aspects. The assessing body also needs to develop and adapt its own working methods and guarantee its internal competence: Existing methods of quality assessment need to be adapted; Quality aspects for elearning need to be integrated into existing quality assurance systems; Internal competence and the provision of information in the e-learning area need to be guaranteed; Internal working methods need to be adapted to the special conditions which apply for the assessment of borderless education.La Agencia Nacional Sueca de Educación Superior llevó a cabo un estudio en el periodo 2007-2008, para adquirir conocimiento acerca de lo que constituye la calidad e-learning, y cómo puede ser evaluada dentro del esquema de un sistema nacional de asesoría de calidad. El presente ensayo exhibe un modelo para la valuación de la citada calidad. El modelo ha evolucionado mediante el análisis de documentos legales, de redes y de proyectos de desarrollo iniciados dentro del contexto de cooperación europea, así como mediante el análisis de la forma en la cual diferentes organizaciones de evaluación nacional, y agencias encargadas de la promoción del desarrollo nacional de e-learning, lidiaron con la cuestión de la evaluación de calidad de e-learning y la educación a distancia. Estas descripciones y análisis abarcan nueve países. Los análisis indican que mientras e-learning es parte de la agenda europea, en países individuales, solo recientemente y de manera mucho más esporádica, ha surgido el tema de cómo la calidad de e-learning debe ser asesorada. En muchas organizaciones, la calidad de e-learning no parece ser un problema de interés. Un sondeo de investigaciones recientes en el área ―que está incluso en este estudio― sirve como base central para el modelo de evaluación propuesto.El modelo de la Agencia Nacional para la estimación de la calidad en e-learning «Calidad e-learning» (E-learning quality –ELQ) comprende diez aspectos de calidad los cuales, a nuestro parecer, son centrales para dicha asesoría: 1) Material/contenido; 2) Estructura/ambiente virtual; 3) Comunicación, cooperación e interactividad; 4) Evaluación del estudiante; 5) Flexibilidad y adaptabilidad; 6) Apoyo (estudiantil y del personal); 7) Cualificaciones y experiencia del personal docente; 8) Visión y liderazgo institucional; 9) Asignación de recursos; 10) Procesos y aspectos integrales.Más allá, nuestra opinión es que la calidad e-learning debe ser asesorada desde la perspectiva de un sistema, por ejemplo, que la calidad de la educación sea determinada por todos los aspectos antes mencionados en conjunto, y por sus interrelaciones. Otra conclusión central es que si una agencia nacional u otra organización evalúan e-learning, no es suficiente con simplemente establecer aspectos de calidad. El cuerpo evaluador también debe desarrollar y adaptar sus propios métodos de trabajo y garantizar la aptitud interna: los métodos existentes de evaluación de calidad deben ser adaptados; aspectos de calidad de e-learning deben ser integrados en sistemas de asesoría de calidad; la competencia interna y la provisión de información en el área e-learning deben ser garantizadas; los métodos de trabajo internos deben ser adaptados a las condiciones especiales y pertinentes para la asesoría de la educación sin fronteras

Thrombospondin-1: An Islet Endothelial Cell Signal of Importance for β-Cell Function

OBJECTIVE: Loss of thrombospondin (TSP)-1 in pancreatic islets has been shown to cause islet hyperplasia. This study tested the hypothesis that endothelial-derived TSP-1 is important for β-cell function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Islet function was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Messenger RNA and protein expression were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The role of endothelial-derived TSP-1 for β-cell function was determined using a transplantation design in which recipient blood vessels either were allowed to grow or not into the transplanted islets. RESULTS: TSP-1–deficient mice were glucose intolerant, despite having an increased β-cell mass. Moreover, their islets had decreased glucose-stimulated insulin release, (pro)insulin biosynthesis, and glucose oxidation rate, as well as increased expression of uncoupling protein-2 and lactate dehydrogenase-A when compared with control islets. Almost all TSP-1 in normal islets were found to be derived from the endothelium. Transplantation of free and encapsulated neonatal wild-type and TSP-1–deficient islets was performed in order to selectively reconstitute with TSP-1–positive or –negative blood vessels in the islets and supported that the β-cell defects occurring in TSP-1–deficient islets reflected postnatal loss of the glycoprotein in the islet endothelial cells. Treatment of neonatal TSP-1–deficient mice with the transforming growth factor (TGF)β-1–activating sequence of TSP-1 showed that reconstitution of TGFβ-1 activation prevented the development of decreased glucose tolerance in these mice. Thus, endothelial-derived TSP-1 activates islet TGFβ-1 of importance for β-cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates a novel role for endothelial cells as functional paracrine support for pancreatic β-cells

Halvtid for sydsvensk skogsforskning

Sedan 1988 pågår det sydsvenska skogsforskningsprogrammet. Programmet löper under 6 år. I denna skrift redovisas verksamheten under de tre inledande åren. Syftet med skriften är att den skall utgöra ett underlag för beslut om framtida organisation och finansiering av skogsforskningen i Sydsverige samt att den skall kunna utnyttjas i informationsverksamhet. Skriften ,§kall äv,'en ses som en deltidsrapport till-programmets finansiärer. I rapporten redovisas valda reslutat från de olika projekten. Dessa resultat är preliminära och skall inte betraktas som vetenskaplig redovisning. Vad gäller publicerade resultat ifrån verksamheten hänvisas till litteraturlistorna i slutet av varje kapitel

Potential drivers of human tick-borne encephalitis in the orebro region of Sweden, 2010-2021

Incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has increased during the last years in Scandinavia, but the underlying mechanism is not understood. TBE human case data reported between 2010 and 2021 were aggregated into postal codes within orebro County, south-central Sweden, along with tick abundance and environmental data to analyse spatial patterns and identify drivers of TBE. We identified a substantial and continuing increase of TBE incidence in orebro County during the study period. Spatial cluster analyses showed significant hotspots (higher number of cases than expected) in the southern and northern parts of orebro County, whereas a cold spot (lower number of cases than expected) was found in the central part comprising orebro municipality. Generalised linear models showed that the risk of acquiring TBE increased by 12.5% and 72.3% for every percent increase in relative humidity and proportion of wetland forest, respectively, whereas the risk decreased by 52.8% for every degree Celsius increase in annual temperature range. However, models had relatively low goodness of fit (R-2 < 0.27). Results suggest that TBE in orebro County is spatially clustered, however variables used in this study, i.e., climatic variables, forest cover, water, tick abundance, sheep as indicator species, alone do not explain this pattern

Rationale for a Swedish cohort consortium

We herein outline the rationale for a Swedish cohort consortium, aiming to facilitate greater use of Swedish cohorts for world-class research. Coordination of all Swedish prospective population-based cohorts in a common infrastructure would enable more precise research findings and facilitate research on rare exposures and outcomes, leading to better utilization of study participants' data, better return of funders' investments, and higher benefit to patients and populations. We motivate the proposed infrastructure partly by lessons learned from a pilot study encompassing data from 21 cohorts. We envisage a standing Swedish cohort consortium that would drive development of epidemiological research methods and strengthen the Swedish as well as international epidemiological competence, community, and competitiveness.Peer reviewe