Evaluating 1 Thessalonians: an outline of holistic approaches to 1 Thessalonians in the last 25 years

This article focuses on works that have been produced within the last 25 years which attempt to provide a holistic approach to the understanding and interpretation of 1 Thessalonians, such as: epistolary, rhetorical, theological, linguistic, and various combinations of the above. Proponents of each view and their perspectives will be outlined along with their structural division of the text. This article attempts to provide a general map of particular approaches to 1 Thessalonians, but also provides a brief outline of some of the critiques and weaknesses of the different methodologies. This article concludes with a brief statement regarding the trajectory of current studies

Les prélèvements microbiologiques ont-ils encore une place dans le diagnostic de pneumopathie acquise sous ventilation mécanique ?

Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is based on non-specific clinical signs. Several indicators have been tested in order to improve the accuracy of VAP diagnosis. The quantification of clinical parameters by using the clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS), however, failed to improve the specificity of the diagnosis. This was the same for all the biomarkers tested either in the serum (procalcitonin, C-reactive protein) or in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid [soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM 1), elastin fibers, endotoxin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Clara cell protein 10]. The microscopic examination of endotracheal samples alone, especially of the BAL fluid, may provide useful information for the detection of infected cells. Thus, microbiology is still needed