24 research outputs found
Influence of common lighting conditions and time-of-day on the effort-related cardiac response
Melanopic stimuli trigger diverse non-image-forming effects. However, evidence of a melanopic contribution to acute effects on alertness and performance is inconclusive, especially under common lighting situations. Effects on cognitive performance are likely mediated by effort-related physiological changes. We assessed the acute effects of lighting in three scenarios, at two times of day, on effort-related changes to cardiac contraction as indexed by the cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP). In a within-subject design, twenty-seven participants performed a cognitive task thrice during a morning and a late-afternoon session. We set the lighting at 500 lux in all three lighting scenarios, measured horizontally at the desk level, but with 54 lux, 128 lux, or 241 lux melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance at the eye level. Impedance cardiography and electrocardiography measurements were used to calculate PEP, for the baseline and task period. A shorter PEP during the task represents a sympathetic heart activation and therefore increased effort. Data were analysed with linear mixed-effect models. PEP changes depended on both the light scene and time of day (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). The highest change (sympathetic activation) occurred for the medium one of the three stimuli (128 lux) during the late-afternoon session. However, effect sizes for the singular effects were small, and only for the combined effect of light and time of day middle-sized. Performance scores or self-reported scores on alertness and task demand did not change with the light scene. In conclusion, participants reached the same performance most efficiently at both the highest and lowest melanopic setting, and during the morning session. The resulting U-shaped relation between melanopic stimulus intensity and PEP is likely not dependent solely on intrinsic ipRGC stimuli, and might be moderated by extrinsic cone input. Since lighting situations were modelled according to current integrative lighting strategies and real-life indoor light intensities, the result has implications for artificial lighting in a work environment
Untersuchung zum Einfluss des menschlichen Gesichtsfelds auf nichtvisuelle GröĂen
In vielen Studien wird traditionell fĂŒr die Bestimmung nichtvisueller Lichtwirkungen einer Beleuchtungssituation die vertikale BeleuchtungsstĂ€rke oder die vertikale BestrahlungsstĂ€rke in der Hornhautebene herangezogen, um das Licht zu beschreiben, das ins Auge gelangt. DafĂŒr wird die BeleuchtungsstĂ€rke mit einem Diffusor in der sogenannten 2Ï-Geometrie gemessen. Durch die anatomischen Gegebenheiten entspricht das menschliche Gesichtsfeld nicht dem eines Halbraums, sondern ist nach oben und unten eingeschrĂ€nkt. Der fĂŒr melanopische Lichtwirkungen einschlĂ€gige Standard CIE S026 weist darauf auch explizit hin. Es ist jedoch bisher nicht klar, welche Abweichungen durch die Gesichtsfeldbegrenzung zu erwarten sind. FĂŒr eine AbschĂ€tzung des Einflusses wurden Messungen bei unterschiedlichen Beleuchtungssituationen im Labor (Licht aus unter-schiedlichen Richtungen) und unter Praxisbedingungen (Licht typisch von oben) durchgefĂŒhrt. DafĂŒr wurden im 3D-Druck in Anlehnung an CIE S026 gefertigte Gesichtsfeldblenden als Vorsatz zu Spektralmesstechnik in Augenposition verwendet. Besonders bei realen Beleuchtungssituationen, in denen die Beleuchtung ĂŒber Kopf installiert ist, weichen die Messwerte mit der Gesichtsfeldblende teils deutlich von der vertikalen Beleuch-tungsstĂ€rke ohne Blende ab. Diese Messungen zeigen eine Reduzierung der Werte durch die Gesichtsfeldblende von bis zu 60 %. Typisch ist dabei eine vergleichbare Verringerung fĂŒr die gemessene BeleuchtungsstĂ€rke und den MEDI-Wert, d.h. spektrale Abweichungen waren in den untersuchten Situationen fast ausschlieĂlich unkritisch. Diese Verallgemeinerung gilt, da die Verteilung des Lichts im Blickfeld im Allgemeinen spektral gleichartig ist. Bei groĂen chromatischen Variationen fĂŒhrt die Gesichtsfeldblende hingegen neben einer Verringerung des allgemeinen BestrahlungsstĂ€rkeniveaus auch zu starken spektralen VerĂ€nderungen. In einer artifiziellen Laborsituation verĂ€nder-te sich bspw. der melanopische Wirkfaktor bei gleicher Beleuchtung um mehr als den Faktor 2 nur durch die Blende.In many studies, vertical illuminance or vertical irradiance in the corneal plane is traditionally used to determine the non-visual light effects of an illumination situation in order to describe the light entering the eye. For this purpose, the illuminance is measured with a diffuser in the so-called 2Ï geometry. Due to anatomical conditions, the human visual field does not correspond to that of a half-space but is restricted upward and downward. The relevant standard for melanopic light effects, CIE S026, explicitly points this out. However, it is not yet clear which deviations are to be expected due to the visual field limitation. In order to estimate the influence, measurements were carried out in different lighting situations in the laboratory (light from different directions) and under practical conditions (light typically from above). For this purpose, 3D-printed visual field apertures were used in accordance with CIE S026 as an attachment to spectral measurement technology in the eye position. Particularly in real lighting situations where the lighting is installed overhead, the measured values with the visual field aperture sometimes deviate significantly from the vertical illumination intensity without the aperture. These measurements show a reduction in the values due to the field of view aperture of up to 60 %. Typically, there is a comparable reduction for the measured illuminance and the MEDI value, i.e. spectral deviations were almost exclusively uncritical in the situations investigated. This generalization is valid because the distribution of light in the field of view is usually spectrally uniform. In contrast, with large chromatic variations, the field-of-view aperture leads to strong spectral changes in addition to a reduction in the general irradiance level. In an artificial laboratory situation, for example, the melanopic effect factor changed by more than a factor of 2 for the same illumination only due to the aperture
A cancer stem cell-like phenotype is associated with miR-10b expression in aggressive squamous cell carcinomas
Background
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) are the primary cause of premature deaths in patients suffering from the rare skin-fragility disorder recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), which is in marked contrast to the rarely metastasizing nature of these carcinomas in the general population. This remarkable difference is attributed to the frequent development of chronic wounds caused by impaired skin integrity. However, the specific molecular and cellular changes to malignancy, and whether there are common players in different types of aggressive cSCCs, remain relatively undefined.
Methods
MiRNA expression profiling was performed across various cell types isolated from skin and cSCCs. Microarray results were confirmed by qPCR and by an optimized in situ hybridization protocol. Functional impact of overexpression or knock-out of a dysregulated miRNA was assessed in migration and 3D-spheroid assays. Sample-matched transcriptome data was generated to support the identification of disease relevant miRNA targets.
Results
Several miRNAs were identified as dysregulated in cSCCs compared to control skin. These included the metastasis-linked miR-10b, which was significantly upregulated in primary cell cultures and in archival biopsies. At the functional level, overexpression of miR-10b conferred the stem cell-characteristic of 3D-spheroid formation capacity to keratinocytes. Analysis of miR-10b downstream effects identified a novel putative target of miR-10b, the actin- and tubulin cytoskeleton-associated protein DIAPH2.
Conclusion
The discovery that miR-10b mediates an aspect of cancer stemness â that of enhanced tumor cell adhesion, known to facilitate metastatic colonization â provides an important avenue for future development of novel therapies targeting this metastasis-linked miRNA
Ocular light effects on human autonomous function: the role of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell sensitivity and time of day
Introduction: Humans perceive light through the visual sense, but nonvisual effects of ocular light on vigilance, mood, well-being, and several autonomous functions are well known. Autonomic functions influenced by light include the nocturnal secretion of melatonin, setting the phase and amplitude of circadian rhythms, the cardiac contraction force, and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Nonvisual effects are thought to be mainly governed by a group of short-wavelengthâsensitive intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). Yet other photoreceptors also contribute with their respective spectral sensitivity. This complicates the generalization of the results. The spectral dependency of the effects can vary depending on the experimental circumstances, especially regarding the time of day, as the roles of contributing receptors vary. The overall aim of this dissertation was to improve the realâlife applicability of previous findings in the field of nonvisual light effects through two studies: 1) The PEP study investigated the change in cardiac contraction force through sympathetic activation under common lighting conditions at two different times of day, to explore whether this effect was relevant under normal working conditions. 2) The PLR study investigated the spectral and circadian dependency of the pupillary light reflex under continuous, changing light compared to singularly applied (pulsed) light, to thereby explore whether previous findings about the ipRGC influence would hold up under continuous light. If so, it would be one important steppingstone on the way to a continuously measurable marker of nonvisual effects in a realâlife lighting scenario.
Methodology: Both studies involved healthy, human participants who came to the experimental room (for the PEP study) or to the laboratory (for the PLR study). The studies were approved by the ethics committee of the Munich University of Applied Sciences, and all participants received written information about the study and gave their informed consent. In the PEP study, participants were exposed to three different lighting conditions, having differing melanopic stimuli but identical brightness at task level, at two times of the day. Lighting conditions in these settings resembled that of a workplace. At each setting, participants performed a challenging cognitive task after a baseline period. Measurements included impedance cardiography (ICG) and electrocardiography (ECG), mainly to calculate the effortârelated change in the left ventricular preâejection period (âPEP) which is an index for the sympathetically induced change in cardiac contraction force. Task performance was measured through the computer program. Individual traits and conditions were derived by questionnaire, such as chronotype, sleepiness, and subjective task load. Data were analyzed with novel linear mixedâeffect models.
In the PLR study, participants were exposed to narrowband light in the mesopic range under Ganzfeld conditions. Nine protocols across three experiments contained series of continuous or discontinuous light stimuli after a dark adaptation period. Pupil diameters were measured with an eye tracker, individual traits such as chronotype were derived by questionnaire. Pupil diameters were used to calculate the normalized pupillary constriction (nPC) relative to a darkâadapted protocolâbaseline diameter. Most data were analyzed with novel generalized additive mixedâeffect models (GAMMs). GAMMs are nonlinear statistical methods where the relationship between predictors and dependent variable are disentangled into nonparametric, so-called smooth functions, and parametric coefficients. This powerful type of model was introduced to the field of pupillometry as part of this study as it proved a particularly good fit for handling the complex coaction of various predictors on the pupil, such as wavelength, time, sequence, irradiance, time of day, and chronotype.
Results: The PEP study showed that there is an effect of light on âPEP under common lighting conditions. However, the effect did not depend on the melanopic stimulus alone. The middle lighting condition in terms of the melanopic stimulus led to the highest sympathetic activation and thus higher effort without improving performance measures. The result is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the effect on âPEP and the melanopic stimulus predictor. While the session in the late afternoon led to greater effort compared to the morning session, there was no interaction of the time of day with the lighting conditions.
The PLR study showed that short wavelength around the ipRGC maximum sensitivity had comparatively little influence on the nPC when the light stimuli were applied continuously. Instead, the wavelength dependency was conditional on the continuity of light. When the series of light stimuli was interrupted by short intervals of darkness, shorter wavelengths became more important, consistent with past research. The results for continuous light further indicate a circadian modulation of the wavelength dependency. This is consistent with a varying ipRGC influence across the day, dependent on a personâs chronotype. Regarding the reâdilation after light offset, ipRGC influence was apparent. Reâdilation was slowest for very short wavelengths below the ipRGC sensitivity under some circumstances, however, indicating the influence of other receptors.
Limitations: The PEP study has a chronotype bias, as most participants were neutral or morning types. The timeâofâday effect might be different for evening chronotypes. The PLR study is limited mostly by the apparatus, as the light dome only provided mesopic narrowband lighting conditions and results might differ with brighter light. Further, not all wavelengths had the same spectral irradiance, necessitating a mathematical correction as part of the data analysis.
Conclusions: In both studies, a spectral ipRGC dependency was not readily present in the main results. In the PEP study, a mediating influence of cone photoreceptors seems likely but cannot be proven with the study data. Importantly, the effect of light on the effortârelated cardiac changes is present and relevant for common lighting conditions. As the light setting which resembles classical workplace conditions most closely also led to the highest effort, the other lighting conditions can be seen as an ergonomic improvement. In the PLR study, spectral ipRGC dependency is present in some of the protocols. The results indicate that the singularly applied (pulsed) stimuli are to be preferred when indexing a nonvisual effect. Continuously applied stimuli might still be relevant, however, as the circadian effect of wavelength dependency could be used as a marker for the phase of entrainment (i.e., chronotype) during continuous measurements â provided the effect can be replicated in this context in a future study.EinfĂŒhrung: Neben der visuellen Sinneswahrnehmung von Licht sind nichtvisuelle okulare Effekte von Licht auf Aufmerksamkeit, Stimmung, Wohlbefinden, und verschiedene autonome Funktionen des Menschen gut bekannt. Diese autonomen Funktionen umfassen bspw. die nĂ€chtliche AusschĂŒttung von Melatonin, die Steuerung der Phase und Amplitude des circadianen Rhythmus, die kardiale Kontraktionskraft, und den Pupillenlichtreflex (PLR). Gemeinhin wird angenommen, dass nichtvisuelle Effekte ĂŒber eine, vor allem in den kurzen WellenlĂ€ngen um 480 nm sensitive, Population intrinsisch photosensitiver retinaler Ganglienziellen (ipRGC) vermittelt werden. Doch auch andere Photorezeptoren mit ihrer eigenen spektralen SensitivitĂ€t tragen zu diesen Effekten bei. Dieser extrinsische Einfluss auf die ipRGC erschwert die Verallgemeinerung von Ergebnissen. Denn die spektrale AbhĂ€ngigkeit eines Effekts kann, abhĂ€ngig von den experimentellen UmstĂ€nden, von unterschiedlichen Photorezeptoren bestimmt sein, etwa abhĂ€ngig von der Tageszeit. Das ĂŒbergeordnete Ziel dieser Dissertation ist die verbesserte Anwendbarkeit vorangegangener Erkenntnisse anhand zweier Studien: 1) In der PEP-Studie wurde die VerĂ€nderung der kardialen Kontraktionskraft durch sympathische Aktivierung betrachtet. Unter ĂŒblichen Beleuchtungsbedingungen und zu zwei Tageszeiten wurde so untersucht, ob ein messbarer und relevanter Effekt auftritt. 2) In der PLR-Studie wurde die spektrale und circadiane AbhĂ€ngigkeit des Pupillendurchmessers betrachtet. Im Vergleich von kontinuierlichem Licht mit wechselnder WellenlĂ€nge zu einzeln dargebotenen Stimuli wurde so untersucht, ob bereits bekannte ipRGC-EinflĂŒsse unter kontinuierlichem Licht auftreten. Dies wĂ€re ein wichtiger Meilenstein im Hinblick auf einen kontinuierlich messbaren Marker des nichtvisuellen Effekts in einer realen Beleuchtungsumgebung.
Methodik: An beiden Studien nahmen gesunde menschliche Probanden teil, entweder im experimentellen Studienraum (fĂŒr die PEP-Studie) oder dem Labor (fĂŒr die PLR Studie). Die Studien wurden von der Ethikkomission der Hochschule MĂŒnchen genehmigt. Alle Versuchsteilnehmer wurden schriftlich zur Studie aufgeklĂ€rt und gaben anschlieĂend ihre schriftliche Einwilligung zur Teilnahme.
Bei Probanden der PEP-Studie wurden drei unterschiedlichen Beleuchtungsbedingungen zu je zwei Tageszeiten untersucht. Die Beleuchtung unterschied sich im melanopischen (d.h. nichtvisuellen) Stimulus, war aber identisch in Bezug auf die resultierende BeleuchtungsstĂ€rke auf der ArbeitsoberflĂ€che. Die Beleuchtungsbedingungen entsprachen jenen einer BĂŒroarbeitsstĂ€tte. Probanden bearbeiteten unter jeder Beleuchtungsbedingung eine kognitiv anstrengende Aufgabe nach einer Ruhe-Referenzperiode. Messmethoden umfassten u.a. die Impedanzkardiographie (ICG) und Elektrokardiographie (EKG), primĂ€r um die anstrengungsbedingte VerĂ€nderung der linksventrikulĂ€ren PrĂ€ejektionsperiode (âPEP) zu berechnen. Die âPEP operationalisiert die sympathische VerĂ€nderung der kardialen Kontraktionskraft. Die kognitive Aufgaben wurde durch ein Computerprogramm gestellt, welches auch die Aufgabenleistung erfasste. Weitere Parameter zur Charakterisierung der Person wurden ĂŒber Fragebögen erhoben, wie etwa der Chronotyp, MĂŒdigkeit, oder die subjektive Aufgabenschwierigkeit. Die Daten wurden mit neuartigen linearen gemischten Modellen analysiert.
In der PLR-Studie wurden engbandige (chromatische) Lichtreize auf mesopischem Helligkeitsniveau in einer GanzfeldâKugel appliziert. Diese Lichtreize folgten auf eine Dunkeladaptionsperiode und waren in Dauer und Abfolge abhĂ€ngig vom Studienprotokoll. Insgesamt wurden neun Protokolle entwickelt, verteilt auf drei Experimente. Die Pupillendurchmesser der Probanden wurden mit einem Eye-Tracker gemessen. Weitere Merkmale, wie etwa der Chronotyp, wurden mittels Fragebogen erhoben. Aus dem zeitabhĂ€ngigen Pupillendurchmesser wurde die normalisierte Pupillenkonstriktion (nPC) berechnet, basierend auf einem dunkeladaptierten Referenzdurchmesser. Der GroĂteil der Daten wurde mit generalisierten additiven gemischten Modellen (GAMM) analysiert. GAMMs zĂ€hlen zu den nichtlinearen statistischen Modellen. Mittels GAMMs werden die ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen abhĂ€ngiger und unabhĂ€ngigen Variablen in nichtparametrische Funktionen und parametrische Koeffizienten aufgelöst. Im Rahmen der PLR-Studie wurde dieser neuartige Modelltyp in die Pupillen-Forschung eingefĂŒhrt, da er sich hervorragend fĂŒr die komplexe VerschrĂ€nkung unterschiedlicher Einflussfaktoren auf die Pupille eignet, wie etwa WellenlĂ€nge, Zeit, Reihenfolge, BestrahlungsstĂ€rke, Tageszeit, und Chronotyp.
Ergebnisse: Die PEP-Studie zeigt einen Lichteffekt auf âPEP unter ĂŒblichen Beleuchtungsbedingungen. Der Effekt kann jedoch nicht auf den melanopischen Stimulus (allein) zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt werden. Die mittlere Beleuchtungsbedingung im Hinblick auf den melanopischen Stimulus resultiert in der stĂ€rksten sympathischen Aktivierung â und damit auch Anstrengung â ohne eine Verbesserung der Aufgabenleistung gegenĂŒber den anderen Lichtbedingungen. Es resultiert ein umgekehrt-U-förmiger Zusammenhang zwischen dem Effekt auf die âPEP und der IntensitĂ€t des melanopischen Stimulus. In Bezug auf die Tageszeit ist der SpĂ€tnachmittag gegenĂŒber dem Morgen mit erhöhter Anstrengung verbunden, jedoch ohne eine Interaktion mit den Beleuchtungsbedingungen.
Die PLR-Studie zeigt geringen Einfluss von WellenlĂ€ngen im Bereich des ipRGC SensitivitĂ€tsmaximum auf die nPC, wenn die Lichtreize kontinuierlich appliziert werden. Werden die Lichtreize hingegen von kurzen Dunkelintervallen unterbrochen, besitzen WellenlĂ€ngen im ipRGC SensitivitĂ€tsbereich höhere Wirkung und entsprechen eher den bisher veröffentlichten Ergebnissen. Weiterhin zeigt sich ein circadianer Mediatoreffekt auf die spektrale AbhĂ€ngigkeit, insbesondere bei kontinuierlich applizierten Lichtreizen. Dies ist konsistent mit einer Modulation des ipRGC Einflusses auf die Pupille, abhĂ€ngig von der Tageszeit und dem Chronotyp. BezĂŒglich der Redilation der Pupille nach einem Lichtreiz zeigt sich ein ipRGC Einfluss. Unter einigen experimentellen Randbedingungen ist die Redilation jedoch von sehr kurzen WellenlĂ€ngen unterhalb des ipRGC Maximums bestimmt, was auf einen Einfluss anderer Photorezeptoren hindeutet.
EinschrĂ€nkungen: Die PEP-Studie weist einen Bias bzgl. der Anzahl der teilnehmenden Probanden eines Chronotyps auf. Die meisten Probanden waren Neutral- oder Morgentypen. Der tageszeitabhĂ€ngige Effekt könnte sich daher bei Abendtypen anders verhalten als in der Studie gezeigt. Die PLR-Studie ist hauptsĂ€chlich durch die Ganzfeld-Kugel limitiert, deren chromatisches Licht lediglich ein mesopisches Helligkeitsniveau erreicht. Die Ergebnisse könnten fĂŒr hellere Beleuchtungsbedingungen abweichen. Zudem ist die spektrale BestrahlungsstĂ€rke nicht ĂŒber alle WellenlĂ€ngen hinweg konstant, was jedoch durch eine mathematische Korrektur im Rahmen der Datenanalyse berĂŒcksichtigt werden konnte.
Schlussfolgerung: In beiden Studien zeigt sich eine AbhĂ€ngigkeit von der spektralen ipRGCâSensitivitĂ€t nicht direkt aus den Hauptergebnissen. In der PEP-Studie scheint eine Mediation durch Zapfen-Rezeptoren wahrscheinlich, kann aber nicht mit den vorliegenden Daten erwiesen werden. Wichtig ist jedoch, dass es einen Effekt der Beleuchtungssituation auf die anstrengungsbedingte kardiale KontraktionskraftĂ€nderung gibt, die auch unter ĂŒblichen Arbeitslichtbedingungen relevant ist. Da die Beleuchtungsbedingung, die einer typischen Arbeitsbeleuchtung am nĂ€chsten kommt, auch zur gröĂten Anstrengung bei gleicher Leistung fĂŒhrt, können die anderen Beleuchtungsbedingungen als ergonomische Verbesserung angesehen werden. In der PLR-Studie ist eine ipRGCâAbhĂ€ngigkeit in manchen Protokollen ersichtlich. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass singulĂ€r applizierte Lichtreize in dieser Hinsicht zu bevorzugen sind. Kontinuierlich applizierte Lichtreize bieten aufgrund der circadianen Mediation der Pupille hingegen möglicherweise einen Ansatz zur DurchfĂŒhrung von kontinuierlichen Pupillenmessungen, als Marker fĂŒr die Chronotypenbestimmung (d.h. Phase of Entrainment). Die Voraussetzung dafĂŒr ist eine Replikation des Effekts in diesem Kontext in einer zukĂŒnftigen Studie
The opportunities of biodynamic lighting in homes for the elderly
Light is an important factor for regulation of circadian, endocrine and metabolic processes in the human body. Through this light has a positive effect on cognition, on the stabilization of circadian rhythms and for general wellbeing. These effects are described as non-visual effects of light. Many dynamic lighting systems are already in use in workplaces and living spaces, aiming to address visual and also non-visual effects. In Europe and US the term âHuman Centric Lightingâ or abbreviated "HCLâ was introduced, as a scientifically agreed concept on how to plan non-visual effects of artificial light in synergy with natural light. Older people, especially with neurological and psychological diseases can especially benefit from this lighting concept. However, in order to achieve the desired non-visual effects, certain conditions should be fulfilled. In Germany the DIN SPEC 67600 is a guideline for the design of biologically effective illumination, with examples for senior- and nursing homes. A goal of this evaluation was to check whether the recommendations of the specification DIN SPEC 67600 in three nursing homes were met and another goal was if effectiveness of the lighting on residents and nursing staff can be determined. Photometric measurements were taken and subjective perceived non-visual effects of light were surveyed using a questionnaire. Results: Although none of the three facilities met all the criteria of the DIN SPEC 67600 guidelines, non-visual lighting effects on residents and nursing staff could be detected. The results also indicate that careful attention should be paid on maintenance of HCL systems. The correct use of HCL solutions in homes for the elderly has opportunities to improve health status if the system is properly designed and maintained. Therefore next to the existing (non-visual) metrics and HCL design guidelines, guidelines for maintaining and regular inspections should be established
Influence of the Human Field of View on Visual and Non-Visual Quantities in Indoor Environments
The visual and non-visual effectiveness of light is often determined by measuring the spectrally weighed irradiance on the corneal plane. This is typically achieved using spectral irradiance or illuminance measurements, captured in a hemispheric (2Ï) geometry with a diffuser. However, the human binocular field of view (FOV) is not a perfect hemisphere, as it is occluded both upward and downward. Previous research on FOV-restricted measurements is limited, leaving the error from using hemispheric measurements for non-visual quantities undefined. In our study, we tackled this issue by designing and 3D printing FOV occlusions as attachments to spectral measurement devices. We took measurements with and without the occlusion in various laboratory (light from different directions) and real-world lighting situations (light typically from above). Our findings reveal a reduction of visual and melanopic values due to the FOV occlusion. These ranged from negligible to more than 60% in realistic scenarios. Interestingly, the reduction was consistent for both visual and melanopic parameters, as the distribution of light in the FOV was generally spectrally homogeneous. An exception occurred in a specific artificial laboratory situation, where the melanopic daylight (D65) efficacy ratio changed by more than a factor of 2 solely because of the FOV occlusion. Additionally, we observed that head orientation had a marked effect on all quantities measured. In conclusion, our results highlight the potential for substantial errors when solely relying on vertical, hemispheric measurements in experiments and non-visual lighting design projects. We encourage the (additional) use of FOV occlusion in eye-level measurements for typical viewing directions, and we are providing open-source 3D-print files to facilitate this practice
Illuminating the future of wearable light metrology : Overview of the MeLiDos Project
Light exposure profoundly influences human health, regulating circadian rhythms and impacting wakefulness and sleepiness. Estimating the effects of light exposure under everyday conditions requires personal, wearable light logging and dosimetry approaches. This article introduces the MeLiDos Project (2023â2026), supported by the European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET). The projectâs first branch defines quality indices and calibration standards for wearable light loggers, adapting existing metrological standards to their smaller size and distinct purpose in the field rather than the laboratory. The second branch develops a software ecosystem, including the open-source R software package LightLogR, designed to manage the increasing volume of data, ensuring reusability, accessibility and interoperability of data. The third branch explores the potential of spatially resolved light dosimetry. The MeLiDos Project anticipates advancements in wearable light metrology, paving the way for optimizing human health and well-being through wearable light logging technologies. The project (22NRM05 MeLiDos) has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by the European Unionâs Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States.</p