Spatial data used to assess ES or to present the results of ES assessments.

<p>Spatial data used to assess ES or to present the results of ES assessments.</p

Changes of ecosystem services from 1986 to 2008.

<p>(a) Mean changes in the levels of the six selected ES. (A: agricultural production, C: carbon, N: nitrogen retention, P: phosphorus retention, S: sediment retention, W: water yield); (b) location of sub-watersheds in the three clusters defined by ES changes: (1) “Weak tradeoffs: more food, less carbon and water” (n = 3); (2) “Weak tradeoffs: more carbon, less food” (n = 8); (3) “Strong tradeoffs: more carbon, less food” (n = 2); (c-e): changes in ES levels in the three clusters of sub-watersheds (lines represent the median values of the group elements, ribbons represent the interquartile range).</p

Changes of forest area from 1986 to 2008.

<p>(a) In the whole area; (b) in each the 13 sub-watersheds; (c) location of sub-watersheds in the three groups defined by large increase in forest area (in more than 3% of the area, n = 2), moderate increase (n = 8) and decrease or no change (n = 3).</p

Forest transition and ES transition frameworks.

<p>Forest transition and ES transition frameworks.</p

Land-cover changes between 1986 and 2008 in the study site (data from [62]).

<p>The gray area in the center of the map represents the Angostura reservoir built between 1996 and 2001. Numbers identify the 13 sub-watersheds.</p

Location of the study site in Costa Rica.

<p>Location of the study site in Costa Rica.</p

Simplified model of ES transition in the upper part of the Reventazón watershed as suggested by existing literature and databases.

<p>Simplified model of ES transition in the upper part of the Reventazón watershed as suggested by existing literature and databases.</p