23,579 research outputs found
Bounding experimental quantum error rates relative to fault-tolerant thresholds
Rigorously establishing that the error in an experimental quantum operation
is beneath the threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computation currently
requires considering the worst-case error, which can be orders of magnitude
smaller than the average gate infidelities routinely reported in experiments.
We show that an improved bound on the worst-case error can be obtained by also
considering the recently-introduced unitarity of the noise where the upper and
lower bounds differ by a factor of for unital qubit channels. We
prove that the contribution from the nonunital part of any noise map is at most
on the order of the average gate infidelity and so is negligible relative to
any coherent contribution. We also show that the "average" error rate when
measurements are not restricted to an eigenbasis containing the state of the
system exhibits the same scaling as the worst-case error, which, for coherent
noise, is the square-root of the infidelity. We also obtain improved bounds for
the diamond distance when the noise map is known (or approximately known).Comment: 12 pages, comments welcome. Improves on bounds involving the
unitarity presented in arxiv.org/abs/1510.05653. v2: added discussion of the
average gate error, simplified proofs and expositions and improved bound
Explosive Percolation in Social and Physical Networks
We discuss several interesting random network models which exhibit (provable)
explosive transitions and their applications.Comment: As first written as a breviu
The Fields of a Charged Particle in Hyperbolic Motion
A particle in hyperbolic motion produces electric fields that appear to
terminate in mid-air, violating Gauss's law. The resolution to this paradox has
been known for sixty years, but exactly why the naive approach fails is not so
clear.Comment: To appear, American Journal of Physic
Probabilistic Convergence Guarantees for Type II Pulse Coupled Oscillators
We show that a large class of pulse coupled oscillators converge with high
probability from random initial conditions on a large class of graphs with time
delays. Our analysis combines previous local convergence results, probabilistic
network analysis, and a new classification scheme for Type II phase response
curves to produce rigorous lower bounds for convergence probabilities based on
network density. These bounds are then used to develop a simple, fast and
rigorous computational analytic technique. These results suggest new methods
for the analysis of pulse coupled oscillators, and provide new insights into
the operation of biological Type II phase response curves and also the design
of decentralized and minimal clock synchronization schemes in sensor nets.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, for submission to PR
A Novel Variational Autoencoder with Applications to Generative Modelling, Classification, and Ordinal Regression
We develop a novel probabilistic generative model based on the variational
autoencoder approach. Notable aspects of our architecture are: a novel way of
specifying the latent variables prior, and the introduction of an ordinality
enforcing unit. We describe how to do supervised, unsupervised and
semi-supervised learning, and nominal and ordinal classification, with the
model. We analyze generative properties of the approach, and the classification
effectiveness under nominal and ordinal classification, using two benchmark
datasets. Our results show that our model can achieve comparable results with
relevant baselines in both of the classification tasks.Comment: The first version [v1] contains our paper submitted (on 9 February,
2018) to and later rejected from the Thirty-Fifth International Conference on
Machine Learning (ICML 2018); earlier version of the paper was submitted (on
13 October, 2017 [UTC]) to and later rejected from the Twenty-First
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS
2018
Berry phase mechanism for optical gyrotropy in stripe-ordered cuprates
Optical gyrotropy, the lifting of degeneracy between left and right
circularly polarized light, can be generated by either time-reversal or chiral
symmetry breaking. In the high- superconductor LaBaCuO
(LBCO), gyrotropy onsets at the same temperature as charge stripe order,
suggesting that the rotation of the stripe direction from one plane to the next
generates a helical pattern that breaks chiral symmetry. In order to further
test this chiral stacking hypothesis it is necessary to develop an
understanding of the physical mechanism by which chirality generates gyrotropy.
In this paper we show that optical gyrotropy is a consequence of Berry
curvature in the momentum space of chiral metals. We describe a physical
picture showing that gyrotropy in chiral metals is closely related to the
anomalous Hall effect in itinerant ferromagnets. We then calculate the
magnitude of the gyrotropic response for a given Berry curvature using the
semiclassical picture of anomalous velocity and Boltzmann transport theory. To
connect this physical picture with experiment, we calculate the Berry curvature
in two tight-binding models. The first model is motivated by the structure of
LBCO and illustrates how the gyrotropy is created when the stripe perturbations
are added to a simple cubic model. In the second model, we examine the dramatic
enhancement of the gyrotropic coefficient when Rashba spin-orbit coupling is
introduced. The magnitude of the rotation of polarization on reflection
expected based these models is calculated and compared with experimental data
Noise tailoring for scalable quantum computation via randomized compiling
Quantum computers are poised to radically outperform their classical
counterparts by manipulating coherent quantum systems. A realistic quantum
computer will experience errors due to the environment and imperfect control.
When these errors are even partially coherent, they present a major obstacle to
achieving robust computation. Here, we propose a method for introducing
independent random single-qubit gates into the logical circuit in such a way
that the effective logical circuit remains unchanged. We prove that this
randomization tailors the noise into stochastic Pauli errors, leading to
dramatic reductions in worst-case and cumulative error rates, while introducing
little or no experimental overhead. Moreover we prove that our technique is
robust to variation in the errors over the gate sets and numerically illustrate
the dramatic reductions in worst-case error that are achievable. Given such
tailored noise, gates with significantly lower fidelity are sufficient to
achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation, and, importantly, the worst case
error rate of the tailored noise can be directly and efficiently measured
through randomized benchmarking experiments. Remarkably, our method enables the
realization of fault-tolerant quantum computation under the error rates
observed in recent experiments.Comment: 7+6 pages, comments welcom
Smoothing Rotation Curves and Mass Profiles
We show that spiral activity can erase pronounced features in disk galaxy
rotation curves. We present simulations of growing disks, in which the added
material has a physically motivated distribution, as well as other examples of
physically less realistic accretion. In all cases, attempts to create
unrealistic rotation curves were unsuccessful because spiral activity rapidly
smoothed away features in the disk mass profile. The added material was
redistributed radially by the spiral activity, which was itself provoked by the
density feature. In the case of a ridge-like feature in the surface density
profile, we show that two unstable spiral modes develop, and the associated
angular momentum changes in horseshoe orbits remove particles from the ridge
and spread them both inwards and outwards. This process rapidly erases the
density feature from the disk. We also find that the lack of a feature when
transitioning from disk to halo dominance in the rotation curves of disk
galaxies, the so called "disk-halo conspiracy", could also be accounted for by
this mechanism. We do not create perfectly exponential mass profiles in the
disk, but suggest that this mechanism contributes to their creation.Comment: Minor corrections in proofs and updates to references, 16 pages, 16
figure
Constraining the Milky Way's Hot Gas Halo with OVII and OVII Emission Lines
The Milky Way hosts a hot ( K), diffuse, gaseous halo
based on detections of z = 0 OVII and OVIII absorption lines in quasar spectra
and emission lines in blank-sky spectra. Here we improve constraints on the
structure of the hot gas halo by fitting a radial model to a much larger sample
of OVII and OVIII emission line measurements from XMM-Newton EPIC-MOS spectra
compared to previous studies ( 650 sightlines). We assume a modified
-model for the halo density distribution and a constant-density Local
Bubble from which we calculate emission to compare with the observations. We
find an acceptable fit to the OVIII emission line observations with
(dof) = 1.08 (644) for best-fit parameters of cm kpc and for the hot gas halo and negligible Local Bubble contribution. The OVII
observations yield an unacceptable (dof) = 4.69 (645) for
similar best-fit parameters, which is likely due to temperature or density
variations in the Local Bubble. The OVIII fitting results imply hot gas masses
of (< 50 kpc) = and (< 250
kpc) = , accounting for
50% of the Milky Way's missing baryons. We also explore our results in the
context of optical depth effects in the halo gas, the halo gas cooling
properties, temperature and entropy gradients in the halo gas, and the gas
metallicity distribution. The combination of absorption and emission line
analyses implies a sub-solar gas metallicity that decreases with radius, but
that also must be to be consistent with the pulsar
dispersion measure toward the LMC.Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures, Accepted to Ap
Randomized Benchmarking with Confidence
Randomized benchmarking is a promising tool for characterizing the noise in
experimental implementations of quantum systems. In this paper, we prove that
the estimates produced by randomized benchmarking (both standard and
interleaved) for arbitrary Markovian noise sources are remarkably precise by
showing that the variance due to sampling random gate sequences is small. We
discuss how to choose experimental parameters, in particular the number and
lengths of random sequences, in order to characterize average gate errors with
rigorous confidence bounds. We also show that randomized benchmarking can be
used to reliably characterize time-dependent Markovian noise (e.g., when noise
is due to a magnetic field with fluctuating strength). Moreover, we identify a
necessary property for time-dependent noise that is violated by some sources of
non-Markovian noise, which provides a test for non-Markovianity.Comment: 31 pages, 1 figure. v2: clarifications, refs added. v3: typos fixed,
results unchange
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