To Buy or Not to Buy: Family Dynamics and Children's Consumption

This article draws on data from a qualitative study of children living in families with either low or high levels of household income and outlines the intrafamilial dynamics that surround young children's relationships to contemporary consumer culture. The motivation for parents to provide their children with particular commodities, how parents prioritised children's requests and the rationale they used to buy or not to buy certain items was much more complex than parents simply 'giving in' to pester power. In the main, parents were making very considered judgements based on a range of factors. Wider social changes were seen as being contributory to new forms of consumption and thus new experiences of childhood which meant parents having to deal with an aspect of their children's lives that was much more problematic than they had experienced in their own childhoods.Children, Consumption, Families, Inequalities, Pester Power

SAILORS' WIVES AND HUSBAND ABSENCE

This thesis reports on a study of women married to Royal Navy personnel and resident in the West of England and Wales. The analyses are based on data derived from secondary sources, a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews, the field-work having been conducted between January 1985 and April 1986. Past research has concentrated on the emotional reaction of wives to husband absence, its relationship to anxiety and depression. This thesis is, however, concerned with the social situation of wives intermittently without husbands. It is an exploration of the marital and domestic consequences of husband absence and the implications it has for the wider relationships of wives periodically without husbands. A distinction is drawn between long-term absences of weeks and often months and short-term, weekday absences. - Here the evidence suggests that short but frequent absences are the most disruptive and "weekend marriages" the least satisfactory. Husband absence is seen to impact deeply into the life course experiences of wives; it increases their domestic powers and responsibilities, especially if they are resident in private housing; it alters relationships with children and the contexts of child-rearing; it effect the employment opportunities and experiences of wives; it transforms domestic routines and household timetables; and it influences the social contacts and neighbouring relations of wives, leaving wives without husbands relatively isolated members of the community. The thesis also suggests that although separation and absence have been the foci of past concern, reunion and reintegration are equally problematic. The findings provide case study information on a particular set of marital experiences and relate to wider perspectives on the construction of marriage and wifehood

Gender Life Course Transitions from the Nuclear Family in England and Wales 1981-2001

In recent years there has been much political debate in the popular media about the fate of the nuclear family in the UK. Very little work has been done, using population data, to actually demonstrate the decline, or indeed continuance of this type of household formation. In this paper we use Office for National Statistics (ONS) longitudinal census data, from England and Wales, to explore the formation, dissolution and continuance of the nuclear family household over a twenty year period (1981- 2001). Our findings indicate a continuing importance of this household arrangement, however routes into and trajectories from nuclear family households take different forms for men and women across the life course.Nuclear Family; Households; Gender; Longitudinal Analysis

Defining the mechanism of VPS35 and LRRK2 Parkinson’s Disease in vivo

Mutation of Vacuolar Protein Sorting 35 (VPS35) [D620N] was first identified in a small number of families with late onset, autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD). VPS35 is an integral cargo component of the retromer complex, implicated in the retrograde transport of proteins from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi Network. The mechanism of mutation consequent neurodegeneration and resulting PD pathology is unclear, however recent studies have linked VPS35 mutation to increased kinase activity of Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), gain of function mutations of which are the most common cause of familial PD. The well characterised nematode model, Caenorhabditis elegans, shows great promise as a novel model for VPS35 function and potentially, the proposed LRRK2 interplay. Utilising a plethora of novel CRISPR/Cas9 modified C. elegans lines, encompassing orthologous PD relevant point mutations in VPS35 and LRRK2 orthologues, vps-35 and lrk-1 respectively, the mechanisms of vps-35 mutation and LRK-1 interplay have been examined. The novel vps-35[D638N] PD C. elegans model shows age-dependent impairments in dopaminergic behaviour, increased dopaminergic degeneration and cellular aberrations relevant to PD modelling, while studies of the genetics of this model suggest a more complex mechanism of mutation action than loss of function alone. Assessment of the functional conservation extent between human LRRK2 and C. elegans LRK-1, through characterisation of novel PD and catalytic point mutants suggest there are kinase activity dependent phenotypes and therefore it is suitable for dissecting the VPS35/LRRK2 interplay. Subsequent pharmacological and genetic models suggest that in C. elegans, LRK-1 kinase hyperactivation is implicated in vps-35[D638N] pathology, with proposed LRK-1 inhibition or genetic kinase ablation resulting in vps-35[D638N] phenotypic rescue. This study is the first to utilise CRISPR/Cas9 modified C. elegans for modelling PD gene function, has demonstrated this novel model could share sufficient conservation for this and has developed understanding of the VPS35/LRRK2 interplay

Differing instructional needs for children of similar reading achievement grades two, four, and six

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Long-term benthic foraminiferal culture: strategies for carbonate-system control and experimentation

Abstrac

The Lantern Vol. 17, No. 2, Spring 1949

• Psyche • Home Country • Liberation • The Last Haul • The Tempting of Willie • The Turtle • Interlude • Black Waters • Lines on Abandoned Spring House • Afraid • Gone is the Winter\u27s Night • A Word to the Wisehttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1047/thumbnail.jp

Primary care provider–reported involvement in breast cancer treatment decisions

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149227/1/cncr31998.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149227/2/cncr31998_am.pd

Sarcoendoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase. A Critical Target in Chlorine Inhalation–Induced Cardiotoxicity

Autopsy specimens from human victims or experimental animals that die due to acute chlorine gas exposure present features of cardiovascular pathology. We demonstrate acute chlorine inhalation–induced reduction in heart rate and oxygen saturation in rats. Chlorine inhalation elevated chlorine reactants, such as chlorotyrosine and chloramine, in blood plasma. Using heart tissue and primary cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that acute high-concentration chlorine exposure in vivo (500 ppm for 30 min) caused decreased total ATP content and loss of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity. Loss of SERCA activity was attributed to chlorination of tyrosine residues and oxidation of an important cysteine residue, cysteine-674, in SERCA, as demonstrated by immunoblots and mass spectrometry. Using cardiomyocytes, we found that chlorine-induced cell death and damage to SERCA could be decreased by thiocyanate, an important biological antioxidant, and by genetic SERCA2 overexpression. We also investigated a U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved drug, ranolazine, used in treatment of cardiac diseases, and previously shown to stabilize SERCA in animal models of ischemia–reperfusion. Pretreatment with ranolazine or istaroxime, another SERCA activator, prevented chlorine-induced cardiomyocyte death. Further investigation of responsible mechanisms showed that ranolazine- and istaroxime-treated cells preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP after chlorine exposure. Thus, these studies demonstrate a novel critical target for chlorine in the heart and identify potentially useful therapies to mitigate toxicity of acute chlorine exposure.This work was supported by the CounterACT Program, National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant U54 ES015678 (C.W.W.), and by Children’s Hospital of Colorado/Colorado School of Mines Pilot Award G0100394 and a Children’s Hospital of Colorado Research Institute’s Pilot Award (S.A.)

Malaria misdiagnosis in Uganda – implications for policy change

BACKGROUND: In Uganda, like in many other countries traditionally viewed as harbouring very high malaria transmission, the norm has been to recommend that febrile episodes are diagnosed as malaria. In this study, the policy implications of such recommendations are revisited. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken at outpatient departments of all health facilities in four Ugandan districts. The routine diagnostic practices were assessed for all patients during exit interviews and a research slide was obtained for later reading. Primary outcome measures were the accuracy of national recommendations and routine malaria diagnosis in comparison with the study definition of malaria (any parasitaemia on expert slide examination in patient with fever) stratified by age and intensity of malaria transmission. Secondary outcome measures were the use, interpretation and accuracy of routine malaria microscopy. RESULTS: 1,763 consultations undertaken by 233 health workers at 188 facilities were evaluated. The prevalence of malaria was 24.2% and ranged between 13.9% in patients >or=5 years in medium-to-high transmission areas to 50.5% for children <5 years in very high transmission areas. Overall, the sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of routine malaria diagnosis were high (89.7% and 91.6% respectively) while the specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were low (35.6% and 30.8% respectively). However, malaria was under-diagnosed in 39.9% of children less than five years of age in the very high transmission area. At 48 facilities with functional microscopy, the use of malaria slide examination was low (34.5%) without significant differences between age groups, or between patients for whom microscopy is recommended or not. 96.2% of patients with a routine positive slide result were treated for malaria but also 47.6% with a negative result. CONCLUSION: Current recommendations and associated clinical practices result in massive malaria over-diagnosis across all age groups and transmission areas in Uganda. Yet, under-diagnosis is also common in children <5 years. The potential benefits of malaria microscopy are not realized. To address malaria misdiagnosis, Uganda's policy shift from presumptive to parasitological diagnosis should encompass introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests and substantial strengthening of malaria microscopy