Pushing the envelope: Micro-transmitter effects on small juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Significant effort has been invested in downsizing telemetry transmitters so they can be used to monitor survival and behavior in a variety of fish species and life stages. Commercially available "micro" transmitters in particular have presented researchers with the opportunity to tag very small fish (< 250 mm fork length). We conducted a release/recapture study in tandem with a laboratory study of tag effects on juvenile yearling spring and subyearling fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fish surgically implanted with both a micro-acoustic transmitter and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags were compared with fish injected with only a PIT tag. Detections from both tag types showed that during the downstream migration, fish surgically implanted with both a micro-acoustic transmitter and PIT tag did not survive at the same rate or behave in the same manner as those injected with only a PIT tag. Differences in survival were more pronounced in subyearlings than in yearlings. This was likely due to warmer temperatures experienced by migrating subyearlings, their higher metabolic rate, and their smaller size and consequently higher tag-burden. To identify the mechanisms driving these differences, we necropsied migrating study fish recaptured at locations 225-460 km downstream from the release site. Results revealed that compared with PIT-tagged fish, micro-acoustic-tagged fish had heightened inflammatory responses within the body cavity, delayed healing of surgical incision sites, and poor body-condition. For study fish tagged along with those released to the river but held in the laboratory for observation, outcomes revealed that tag effects were similar in direction, but not as pronounced under artificial conditions