Adipokines expression profile in liver, adipose tissue and muscle during chicken embryo development

International audienceIn broiler chickens, the intense genetic selection for rapid growth has resulted in an increase in growth rate and fat deposition. Adipose tissue is now recognized as an important endocrine organ that secretes a variety of factors including adipokines. However, the expression pattern of these adipokines is unclear in chicken embryo development. In the present study, we determined the expression profile of three novel adipokines, NAMPT, RARRES2 and ADIPOQ, and their cognate receptors in metabolic tissues (liver, muscles and adipose tissue) of chicken embryo/chicks from 15 days of incubation (E15) to hatching (D0). From E15 to hatching, embryos gradually gained weight and started to develop subcutaneous adipose tissue at E15. We conducted western blot and RT-qPCR tests and found that ADIPOQ expression increased over time and was positively correlated with adipose tissue weight. In addition, NAMPT expression increased only in muscles. By using a new homemade chicken RARRES2 specific antibody we showed that RARRES2 protein levels increased specifically at hatching in adipose tissue, liver and pectoralis major and this was associated with an increase in the weight of embryo. Taken together, these results support a potential involvement of adipokines in metabolic regulation during chicken embryo development

May anti-oxidants reduce glyphosate-based herbicides adverse effects on chicken embryo-development?

Session 22. Environmental stress: mitigating the adverse effects on animal physiologyInternational audienc

Production de volailles unisexuées : analyse de faisabilité grâce au potentiel parthénote d’une lignée de cailles japonaises

National audienc

Adipokine expression profiles during early broiler embryo development: regulation by maternal feeding restriction and fish oil supplementation

International audienc

Automédication et expérience négative post-natale chez le poussin

National audienc

Advances in the management of poultry genetic diversity within CRB-Anim

Advances in the management of poultry genetic diversity within CRB-Anim. X. European Symposium on Poultry Genetic

Thermal conditioning of quail embryos has transgenerational and reversible long-term effects

International audienceBackground In the current context of global warming, thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubation temperature. However, because of their likely epigenetic origin, thermal manipulation effects may last more than one generation with consequences for the poultry industry. In this work, a multigenerational and transgenerational analysis of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis was performed to uncover the long-term effects of such procedure. Results Thermal manipulation repeated during 4 generations had an effect on hatchability, body weight, and weight of eggs laid in Japanese quails, with some effects increasing in importance over generations. Moreover, the effects on body weight and egg weight could be transmitted transgenerationally, suggesting non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. This hypothesis is reinforced by the observed reversion of the effect on growth after five unexposed generations. Interestingly, a beneficial effect of thermal manipulation on heat tolerance was observed a few days after hatching, but this effect was not transgenerational. Conclusions Our multigenerational study showed that thermal conditioning of quail embryos has a beneficial effect on post-hatch heat tolerance hampered by transgenerational but reversible defects on growth. Assuming that no genetic variability underlies these changes, this study provides the first demonstration of epigenetic inheritance of traits induced by environmental temperature modification associated with long-term impacts in an avian species

Chemerin is secreted by the chicken oviduct, accumulates in egg albumen and could promote embryo development

International audienceUnderstanding of the distribution of chemerin and its receptors, Chemokine-like Receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G Protein-coupled Receptor 1 (GPR1) and Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2), in the egg and the embryonic annexes is currently lacking, and their role during embryogenesis remains unknown. By immunoblot using monoclonal anti-chicken antibodies and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA), we found that chemerin is expressed 10 times higher in albumen eggs than in blood plasma, and it is also abundant in the perivitelline membrane but undetectable in yolk. Chicken chemerin can inhibit bacterial growth. By Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerisation Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), western-blot, and immunofluorescence, we show that chemerin is locally produced by the oviduct magnum that participates in albumen formation. Using cultures of magnum explants, we demonstrate that progesterone (P4) and oestradiol (E2) treatment increases chemerin secretion into cultured media and expression in magnum. Chemerin and its three receptors are present in amniotic and Chorio Allantoic Membranes (CAM). Only CMKLR1 expression decreased from embryonic day (ED) 7 to ED11 and remained low until ED18. Chemerin concentrations strongly increased in amniotic fluid at D14 when egg albumen crossed the amniotic membrane. In ovo injections of neutralising chemerin and CMKLR1 antibodies (0.01, 0.1 and 1 µg) increased embryo mortality, which occurred mainly at ED12-13, in a dose-dependent manner. Chemerin treatment increased primary CAM viability. Finally, chemerin and CMKLR1 inhibition within the CAM led to a decrease in blood vessel development and associated angiogenic gene expression. Our results show an important function of the chemerin system during embryo development in chickens, suggesting the potential use of this adipokine as a predictive marker for egg fertility or hatchability

Caractérisation phénotypique et métabolique précoce de poussins issus d'une sélection divergente sélectionnée sur le pH ultime de la viande

In chicken, the ultimate pH (pHu) of meat is largely determined by the muscle glycogen content at slaughter age.A divergent selection on the Pectoralis major pHu allowed the creation of the pHu+ and pHu- lines, whichrepresent a unique model for studying the genetic and physiological control of energy reserves and the meatquality. Several characteristics have been measured in the two lines at hatch then at 5 days of age: animal weight,muscle yields, muscular and hepatic glycogen content and several plasma parameters. At hatch, the pHu+ andpHu- lines present equivalent body weights and muscle yields. However, the pHu- line shows a higher glycemiathan the pHu+ line, a difference that will persist until the slaughter age. In addition, primary myoblasts culturesfrom both lines show differences in insulin response. After 5 days, the pHu+ and pHu- lines are alreadydivergent in terms of glycogen (and pHu) and muscle yield, for a similar body weight. Differences between bothlines observed at hatch and at 5 days may have been associated with regulation of signaling pathways involvedin protein synthesis and muscle glycogen turnover. In conclusion, pHu+ and pHu- chicks already have at hatchthe ability to respond differently to nutrients and hormones consistent with the fact that after only 5 days offeeding, significant differences in yield and muscular glycogen contents exist between the two lines.Chez le poulet, le pH ultime (pHu) de la viande est en grande partie déterminé par la teneur en glycogène dumuscle à l'abattage. Une sélection divergente sur le pHu du filet a permis la création des lignées pHu+ et pHu-,qui représentent un modèle unique pour étudier le contrôle génétique et physiologique des réserves énergétiqueset de la qualité de la viande. Plusieurs caractéristiques ont été mesurées dans les deux lignées à l’éclosion puis à5 jours d’âge: le poids vif, les rendements en muscles, le glycogène musculaire et hépatique et plusieursparamètres plasmatiques. A l’éclosion, les lignées pHu+ et pHu- présentent des poids vifs et des rendementsmusculaires équivalents. Toutefois, la lignée pHu- présente une glycémie supérieure à celle de la lignée pHu+,différence qui va persister jusqu'à l'âge d’abattage. Par ailleurs, les cultures primaires des myoblastes issues desdeux lignées révèlent des différences de réponse à l'insuline. Après 5 jours, les lignées pHu+ et pHu- sont déjàdivergentes en terme de glycogène (et de pHu) et de rendement en muscle, pour un poids vif similaire. Lesdifférences entre lignées observées à l'éclosion et à 5 jours ont pu être associées à des régulations au niveau desvoies de signalisation impliquées dans la synthèse protéique et le turn-over du glycogène musculaire. Enconclusion, les poussins pHu+ et pHu- présentent dès l’éclosion des capacités de réponses différentes auxnutriments et aux hormones cohérentes avec le fait qu’après seulement 5 jours d’alimentation, des différencessignificatives de rendement et de teneur en glycogène musculaire existent entre les deux lignées