<i>In vitro</i> HIV suppression assay in various E:T ratios.

<p><b>(A)</b><i>In vitro</i> HIV suppression assay mediated by <i>ex vivo</i> unstimulated CD8⁺ T cells in culture with autologous CD4⁺ T cells at various E:T ratios of 1:1 and 0.5:1 in VC (N = 2, filled circle) and NC (N = 3, open rectangle). <b>(B)</b><i>In vitro</i> HIV suppression assay mediated by HIVp24-specific T cell lines at various E:T ratios of 1:1 and 0.5:1 in VC (N = 2, filled circle) and NC (N = 2, open rectangle).</p

Measurements of IFNγ-producing cell responses using ELISpot assay.

<p><b>(A)</b> Breadth of T-cell responses against 23 HIVp24-specific OLPs from VC (N = 19, filled circle) and NC (N = 42, open rectangle) <b>(B)</b> Breadth of T-cell responses against HLA-B*57/B*58-restricted epitopes (N = 6) in HLA-B*57/B*58 positive VC (N = 5, filled circle) and NC (N = 9, open rectangle) <b>(C)</b> Cumulative magnitude of T-cell responses against 23 HIVp24-specific OLPs in VC (N = 19, filled circle) and NC (N = 42, open rectangle) <b>(D)</b> Cumulative magnitude of T-cell responses against HLA-B*57/B*58-restricted epitopes (N = 6) in HLA-B*57/B*58 positive VC (N = 5, filled circle) and NC (N = 9, open rectangle). <b>(E and F)</b> Correlation between breadth and cumulative magnitude of T-cell responses against HIVp24-specific OLPs and patient pVL were analyzed by using Spearman’s rank test.</p

Characteristics of HIV-infected volunteers.

<p>*<i>p value <0</i>.<i>05</i>,</p><p><i>VC = Viraemic controller</i>, <i>NC = Noncontrollers</i>, <i>pVL = Plasma viral loads</i>, <i>HLA = Human leucocyte antigen</i>, <i>Data showed medians and range in parentheses</i></p><p>Characteristics of HIV-infected volunteers.</p

Measurement of functional quality of HIVp24-specific CD8⁺ T cells using polychromatic flow cytometry.

<p><b>(A)</b> Functional quality of CD8⁺ T-cell responses against HIVp24-specific OLPs (N = 23) in VC (N = 18, filled circle) and NC (N = 31, open rectangle) <b>(B)</b> Functional quality of CD8⁺ T-cell responses against HLA-B*57/B*58-restricted HIVp24-specific epitopes (N = 6) in HLA-B*57/B*58 positive VC (N = 5, filled circle) and NC (N = 9, open rectangle). The Y-axis represents absolute CD8⁺ T cells and the X-axis represents CD8⁺ T cells with 5-, 4-, 3-, 2-, and 1-function in VC and NC. <b>(C)</b> The correlation between the absolute cell numbers of 5-functional HIVp24-specific CD8⁺ T cells and pVL was analysed using Spearman’s rank test.</p

<i>In vitro</i> HIV suppression assay.

<p><b>(A)</b><i>In vitro</i> HIV suppression assay mediated by <i>ex vivo</i> unstimulated CD8⁺ T cells in VC (N = 10, filled circle), NC (N = 10, open rectangle), and healthy volunteers (HD, N = 9, filled triangle) cocultured with autologous HIV-infected CD4⁺ T cells at E:T ratio of 1:1 at day 7. <b>(B)</b><i>In vitro</i> HIV suppression assay mediated by HIVp24-specific T cell lines from VC (N = 4, filled circle) and NC (N = 7, open rectangle) cocultured with autologous HIV-infected CD4⁺ T cells at E:T ratio of 1:1 at day 3. <b>(C)</b> Percentages of <i>ex vivo</i> HIV-infected CD4⁺ T cells (CD3^posCD8^negP24^pos) in VC (N = 8, filled circle) and NC (N = 13, open rectangle) <b>(D)</b> Production of newly-generated HIV from CD4⁺ T cells from VC (N = 5, filled circle) and NC (N = 5, open rectangle) at day 7. The Y-axis depicts the concentration of HIVp24 Ag (pg/ml) from ELISA assays. *p value <0.05 and ***p value<0.001.</p

Correlation between HIV suppressive activity and pVL.

<p><i>In vitro</i> HIV suppression assay mediated by <i>ex vivo</i> unstimulated CD8⁺ T cells at E:T ratio of 1:1 from HIV-infected volunteers (N = 19) were shown on the X-axis as percentages of HIV suppression. The pVL at the same time-point as the HIV suppression assay are presented on the Y-axis. Each symbol represents a single HIV-infected volunteer. Filled circles and open rectangles represent viraemic controllers and noncontrollers, respectively. Spearman’s rank test was analyzed as the statistic.</p

Differences between participants’ characteristics and likelihood of PrEP use.

**<p>Difference is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).</p><p>MD: median. U: Mann Whitney’s <i>U</i>-statistic. <i>r</i>: effect size estimate (<i>r</i> = <i>Z</i>/√N; N = number of observations). B: Bangkok; C: Chiang Mai.</p

Correlations between participants’ characteristics and likelihood of PrEP use.

**<p>Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).</p>*<p>Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).</p

Seasonal influenza vaccine performance and the potential benefits of mRNA vaccines

Influenza remains a public health threat, partly due to suboptimal effectiveness of vaccines. One factor impacting vaccine effectiveness is strain mismatch, occurring when vaccines no longer match circulating strains due to antigenic drift or the incorporation of inadvertent (eg, egg-adaptive) mutations during vaccine manufacturing. In this review, we summarize the evidence for antigenic drift of circulating viruses and/or egg-adaptive mutations occurring in vaccine strains during the 2011–2020 influenza seasons. Evidence suggests that antigenic drift led to vaccine mismatch during four seasons and that egg-adaptive mutations caused vaccine mismatch during six seasons. These findings highlight the need for alternative vaccine development platforms. Recently, vaccines based on mRNA technology have demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus and are under clinical evaluation for seasonal influenza. We discuss the potential for mRNA vaccines to address strain mismatch, as well as new multi-component strategies using the mRNA platform to improve vaccine effectiveness.</p

Relative importance of PrEP attributes and marginal utilities* of attributes’ levels.

<p>.3, −.3 is the Point Estimate of Alpha interval. <b>*</b>Conjoint analysis decomposes participants’ ranking of each scenario into the sum of contributions of the different PrEP attributes. Marginal utilities are the part-worth of a specific attribute in participants’ ranking of the scenarios. In other words, marginal utilities signify the extent to which a specific attribute contributes to the ranking of a scenario.</p