A Bibliometric Analysis of Doctoral Candidates' Enrollment Policies in China

As the entrance of doctoral education in China, doctoral candidates' enrollment is closely related to the quality of doctoral education. Because the policy literature truly reflects the government’s signature on the handling of related public affairs. So the study on it can help clarify the government's management thinking and motivation for the enrollment of doctoral candidates. Based on the analyzing the structural elements of the national doctoral candidates' enrollment policy literatures from 1981 to 2017, this article is aimed at exploring the characteristics and historical changes of the doctoral candidates' enrollment policy literatures in the time of promulgation, the organization of the enactment, and the types of documents. Keywords: doctoral candidates' enrollment policies, bibliometric analysis, promulgation time, issuing agency, document typ

Inverse association between type 2 diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma in East Asian populations

AimsTo investigate the potential association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in East Asian populations using Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.MethodsBidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) studies were conducted using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) related to T2D and HCC. The potential effects of confounders such as chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, body mass index, and alcohol intake frequency were corrected using a multivariate MR study. Various MR methods, including the inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach, were used to estimate the associations between T2D and HCC. Sensitivity analysis and assessment of heterogeneity were performed to ensure the robustness of the results.ResultsIn the forward MR study, the IVW approach of MR analysis suggested an inverse association between T2D and HCC, with a risk odds ratio of 0.8628 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7888–0.9438). Furthermore, even after adjusting for BMI, chronic hepatitis B, and alcohol intake frequency, this study still supports the inverse association between T2D and HCC. Additional MR methods provided further support for this relationship. Sensitivity analysis and assessment of heterogeneity confirmed the robustness of the results. The reverse MR analysis did not show a clear impact of genetic liability to HCC on reduced risk of T2D(OR=0.9788; 95% CI, 0.9061-1.0574).ConclusionThis study provides evidence of an inverse association between T2D and HCC in East Asian populations using MR analysis. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings