Tera-sample-per-second arbitrary waveform generation in the synthetic dimension

The synthetic dimension opens new horizons in quantum physics and topological photonics by enabling new dimensions for field and particle manipulations. The most appealing property of the photonic synthetic dimension is its ability to emulate high-dimensional optical behavior in a unitary physical system. Here we show that the photonic synthetic dimension can transform technical problems in photonic systems between dimensionalities, providing unexpected solutions to technical problems that are otherwise challenging. Specifically, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a photonic Galton board (PGB) in the temporal synthetic dimension, in which the temporal high-speed challenge is converted into a spatial fiber-optic length matching problem, leading to the experimental generation of tera-sample-per-second arbitrary waveforms. Limited by the speed of the measurement equipment, waveforms with sampling rates of up to 341.53 GSa/s are recorded. Our proposed PGB operating in the temporal synthetic dimension breaks the speed limit in a physical system, bringing arbitrary waveform generation into the terahertz regime. The concept of dimension conversion offers possible solutions to various physical dimension-related problems, such as super-resolution imaging, high-resolution spectroscopy, time measurement, etc

Thermodynamic behavior of correlated electron-hole fluids in van der Waals heterostructures

Coupled two-dimensional electron-hole bilayers provide a unique platform to study strongly correlated Bose-Fermi mixtures in condensed matter. Electrons and holes in spatially separated layers can bind to form interlayer excitons, composite Bosons expected to support high-temperature exciton superfluids. The interlayer excitons can also interact strongly with excess charge carriers when electron and hole densities are unequal. Here, we use optical spectroscopy to quantitatively probe the local thermodynamic properties of strongly correlated electron-hole fluids in MoSe2/hBN/WSe2 heterostructures. We observe a discontinuity in the electron and hole chemical potentials at matched electron and hole densities, a definitive signature of an excitonic insulator ground state. The excitonic insulator is stable up to a Mott density of ~$0.8\times {10}^{12} \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ and has a thermal ionization temperature of ~70 K. The density dependence of the electron, hole, and exciton chemical potentials reveals strong correlation effects across the phase diagram. Compared with a non-interacting uniform charge distribution, the correlation effects lead to significant attractive exciton-exciton and exciton-charge interactions in the electron-hole fluid. Our work highlights the unique quantum behavior that can emerge in strongly correlated electron-hole systems

Investigation of systemic immune-inflammation index, neutrophil/high-density lipoprotein ratio, lymphocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio, and monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio as indicators of inflammation in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

BackgroundThe systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), system inflammation response index (SIRI), neutrophil/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (NHR), lymphocyte/HDL ratio (LHR), monocyte/HDL ratio (MHR), and platelet/HDL ratio (PHR) have been recently investigated as new markers for inflammation. The purpose of this research is to use large-scale clinical data to discuss and compare the predictive ability of the SII, SIRI, NHR, LHR, MHR, and PHR in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), to investigate potential biomarkers.Materials and methodsIn this retrospective, naturalistic, cross-sectional study, we collected the hematological parameter data of 13,329 patients with SCZ, 4,061 patients with BD manic episodes (BD-M), and 1,944 patients with BD depressive episodes (BD-D), and 5,810 healthy subjects served as the healthy control (HC) group. The differences in the SII, SIRI, NHR, LHR, MHR, and PHR were analyzed, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic potential of these parameters.ResultsCompared with the HC group, the values of the SII, SIRI, NHR, LHR, MHR, and PHR and the levels of neutrophils, monocytes, and triglycerides (TG) were higher in SCZ and BD groups, and levels of platelets, cholesterol (CHO), HDL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and apoprotein B (Apo B) were lower in SCZ and BD groups. Compared to the BD group, the values of the SIRI, lymphocytes, monocytes, and HDL were lower and the values of the SII, NHR, PHR, and platelet were higher in the SCZ group. In contrast to the BD-D group, the values of the SII; SIRI; NHR; and MHR; and levels of neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets were higher in the BD-M group, and the levels of CHO, TG, LDL, and Apo B were lower in the BD-M group. The MHR and NHR were predictors for differentiating the SCZ group from the HC group; the SIRI, NHR, and MHR were predictors for differentiating the BD-M group from the HC group; and the MHR was a predictor for differentiating the BD-D group from the HC group. The combination model of the indicators improved diagnostic effectiveness.ConclusionOur study highlights the role of systemic inflammation in the pathophysiology of SCZ, BD-M, and BD-D, the association between inflammation and lipid metabolism, and these inflammation and lipid metabolism indicators showed different variation patterns in SCZ, BD-D, and BD-M