Iterative Decoding and Turbo Equalization: The Z-Crease Phenomenon

Iterative probabilistic inference, popularly dubbed the soft-iterative paradigm, has found great use in a wide range of communication applications, including turbo decoding and turbo equalization. The classic approach of analyzing the iterative approach inevitably use the statistical and information-theoretical tools that bear ensemble-average flavors. This paper consider the per-block error rate performance, and analyzes it using nonlinear dynamical theory. By modeling the iterative processor as a nonlinear dynamical system, we report a universal "Z-crease phenomenon:" the zig-zag or up-and-down fluctuation -- rather than the monotonic decrease -- of the per-block errors, as the number of iteration increases. Using the turbo decoder as an example, we also report several interesting motion phenomenons which were not previously reported, and which appear to correspond well with the notion of "pseudo codewords" and "stopping/trapping sets." We further propose a heuristic stopping criterion to control Z-crease and identify the best iteration. Our stopping criterion is most useful for controlling the worst-case per-block errors, and helps to significantly reduce the average-iteration numbers.Comment: 6 page

Dominant Models in a E-supply Chain When Concerning Fairness

Although the development of e-commerce can expand market for manufacturers, it requires more fairness. With the rising of consumers’ awareness, an enterprise who does not concern fairness will loss reputation and customers immediately, especially in e-supply chain system. Based on this great significance, the paper introduces fairness concern into e-supply chain, constructs two dominant models in Stackelberg game and discusses the decision-making processes respectively. Results show that: (1) The profit of network platform increases with the growth of commission, as well as the service level, but the profit of manufacturer decreases. Therefore, manufacturer does not prefer a higher commission when she dominates. (2) In a certain range, the service level and sales price both reach the highest point with a dominant network platform who concerns fairness, at the same time, they have positive correlation with fairness degree. (3) Fairness concern is beneficial for poaching consumers, so dominant enterprises should concern it forwardly even though sacrifice profit