The Role of Student-Teacher Relationship on Effects of Maltreatment on Juvenile Delinquency

Objectives: Society has been experiencing rapid change, in which adolescents have increasingly faced with difficulties with balanced development and social adaptation. Juvenile delinquency caused by such difficulties is the most serious social problem. Most of research has reported that family relationship is largely the cause for juvenile delinquency. To prevent the problems associated with parental maltreatment, efforts to identify variables that primarily affect juvenile delinquency are needed. Student-teacher relationship is considered as important protective factors in the ecosystem. Thus, this study analyzed the relationship among parental maltreatment, juvenile delinquency, student-teacher relationship. In addition, the moderating effects of student-teacher relationship in relation to parental maltreatment, and juvenile delinquency were also verified. Method: This study used data from Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) conducted by National Youth Policy Institute. Participants were 2,253(1,136 boys, 1,117 girls) middle school students (9th graders) in 3rd wave data. We extracted eight questions relating to maltreatment, fourteen questions relating Juvenile delinquency, and five questions relating to student- teacher relationship. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis were used. Results: First, parental maltreatment was positively related to juvenile delinquency. And student-teacher relationship was also negatively related to juvenile delinquency. Second, the moderating effects of student-teacher relationship on effects of parental maltreatment on juvenile delinquency were evident. Conclusion: To prevent juvenile delinquency that experienced parental maltreatment, this study has broad clinical and policy implications. Positive student-teacher relationship is an important protective factor of alleviating the negative consequences of parental maltreatment

Review of child maltreatment prevention programs in South Korea

Objective: The objective of this study is twofold. The first objective is to examine the status of studies on the effect of child maltreatment prevention programs in South Korea. The second objective is to recommend directions for child maltreatment prevention programs based on the results of the first objective.Procedure: A literature search of prevention programs for child maltreatment was conducted. Research studies published from 1989 to 2013 were identified through a computerized selection process, resulting in 198 studies. Further detailed search of keywords ultimately identified 37 studies focusing on child maltreatment prevention programs. These 37 studies were further classified and reviewed. Results: This study was able to find several pertinent findings. First, child maltreatment prevention programs targeting teachers and parents were not sufficient. Second, child maltreatment prevention programs for high risk population were also insufficient in the selected literatures. Third, based on the existing studies, child maltreatment prevention programs in South Korea lacked diversified contents. Fourth, most research measured effectiveness through attitude and awareness factors. Finally, child maltreatment programs were not systematic and mainly were conducted as one-time programs.Conclusions: There needs to be more studies examining the effectiveness of prevention programs for child maltreatment, notably, sustainable and long-term effects of prevention programs. Moreover, these programs need to include high-risk populations, with more diverse contents, that are systematically included throughout all three levels of prevention – primary, secondary, and tertiary

Formation of Aluminum Hydride during Alkaline Dissolution of Aluminum

The role of hydrogen-containing surface species in the alkaline dissolution of aluminum was studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The measurements revealed quasi-periodic nucleation and dissolution of large number densities of size particles, during open-circuit dissolution in NaOH(D) at room temperature. SIMS results using deuterated solutions, and prior Auger microprobe measurements, indicated that the particles were composed of aluminum hydride (deuteride), with an aluminum hydroxide (deuteroxide) surface layer. The measured open-circuit potential during dissolution was close to the Nernst potential of hydride oxidation. It was concluded that forms continuously during dissolution by reaction of cathodically generated hydrogen with the Al metal and is oxidized to aluminate ions in the accompanying anodic process. The present results are a direct confirmation of hydride formation on Al accompanying corrosion

Site Trouble: Asianness and Blackness in Contemporary Cultural Production

This project explores the relationships of Asianness and Blackness in racialized geographies. Three onscreen spaces organize my inquiry: the Asian-owned convenience store, the college campus, and the freeway. My argument elucidates the structures—racial, carceral, and spatial—that form the possibilities for popular onscreen racial representation. In the first chapter, this project takes up the convenience store’s mise-en-scène to route my exploration of Black-Korean conflict, reading Do the Right Thing (1989), the novel Native Speaker, the TV series Kim’s Convenience (2016-2021), and the 2017 film Gook, as well as the documentary A Love Song for Latasha (2019). I present a theorization of Asianness that turns from binary media in/visibility discourses and centers itself on Asian American and Black feminist visions of flourishing. The second chapter analyzes the space of the college campus through the TV series Dear White People (2016-2021) and Grown-ish (2018-present), addressing the seriality of racial structures through student activism and protest. In this chapter I intervene in serial narrative studies and television studies by insisting that contemporary narrative seriality be understood as underpinned by racial logics. In my final chapter I move to the freeway through Karen Tei Yamashita’s novel Tropic of Orange and the 1997 film Strawberry Fields, exploring the Asian American feminist road narrative. In this chapter I theorize Asianness as racial infrastructure capable of both transmitting and blocking the force of white supremacy and conclude by locating fugitive ways of being in racial geographies. Ultimately, my research contends that opacity, refusal, being-otherwise, and experimental form are essential to shaping an Asian American feminist politics in solidarity with Black liberation.Doctor of Philosoph

T cell–intrinsic prostaglandin E₂-EP2/EP4 signaling is critical in pathogenic T_H17 cell–driven inflammation

PGE2経路による病因細胞Th17の増殖機構を解明 --乾癬の慢性的な皮膚炎症を改善する新しい治療薬開発に向けて--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2018-06-20.Background: IL-23 is the key cytokine for generation of pathogenic IL-17–producing helper T (TH17) cells, which contribute critically to autoimmune diseases. However, how IL-23 generates pathogenic TH17 cells remains to be elucidated. Objectives: We sought to examine the involvement, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications of prostaglandin (PG) E2–EP2/EP4 signaling in induction of IL-23–driven pathogenic TH17 cells. Methods: The role of PGE2 in induction of pathogenic TH17 cells was investigated in mouse TH17 cells in culture in vitro and in an IL-23–induced psoriasis mouse model in vivo. Clinical relevance of the findings in mice was examined by using gene expression profiling of IL-23 and PGE2-EP2/EP4 signaling in psoriatic skin from patients. Results: IL-23 induces Ptgs2, encoding COX2 in TH17 cells, and produces PGE2, which acts back on the PGE receptors EP2 and EP4 in these cells and enhances IL-23–induced expression of an IL-23 receptor subunit gene, Il23r, by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1, and nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) through cyclic AMP–protein kinase A signaling. This PGE2 signaling also induces expression of various inflammation-related genes, which possibly function in TH17 cell–mediated pathology. Combined deletion of EP2 and EP4 selectively in T cells suppressed accumulation of IL-17A+ and IL-17A+IFN-γ+ pathogenic Th17 cells and abolished skin inflammation in an IL-23–induced psoriasis mouse model. Analysis of human psoriatic skin biopsy specimens shows positive correlation between PGE2 signaling and the IL-23/TH17 pathway. Conclusions: T cell–intrinsic EP2/EP4 signaling is critical in IL-23–driven generation of pathogenic TH17 cells and consequent pathogenesis in the skin

The Hierarchy Myopia of Organizational Learning

Previous studies have been interested in how to maximize both the efficiency and the effectiveness of organizational learning. On the flipside, some studies have investigated the critical barriers to learning. We suggest organizational hierarchy as another cause and theoretically explore how it can deter learning performance. Specifically, we argue that the configuration of structure determines a prevalent form of learning method in an organization to consequently affect its learning performance. Using simulation modeling, we show that non-hierarchical organizations may be a better learning environment than hierarchical organizations. We also show that the contextual factors, such as problem complexity and member regrouping, may affect the base-line result. This study subsequently calls for further attention be paid to the key issues concerning the hierarchy and organization learning performance

Model-informed precision dosing in vancomycin treatment

Introduction: While vancomycin remains a widely prescribed antibiotic, it can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, both of which are concentration-associated. Overtreatment can occur when the treatment lasts for an unnecessarily long time. Using a model-informed precision dosing scheme, this study aims to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) model for vancomycin to determine the optimal dosage regimen and treatment duration in order to avoid drug-induced toxicity.Methods: The data were obtained from electronic medical records of 542 patients, including 40 children, and were analyzed using NONMEM software. For PK, vancomycin concentrations were described with a two-compartment model incorporating allometry scaling.Results and discussion: This revealed that systemic clearance decreased with creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, history of diabetes and renal diseases, and further decreased in women. On the other hand, the central volume of distribution increased with age. For PD, C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma concentrations were described by transit compartments and were found to decrease with the presence of pneumonia. Simulations demonstrated that, given the model informed optimal doses, peak and trough concentrations as well as the area under the concentration-time curve remained within the therapeutic range, even at doses smaller than routine doses, for most patients. Additionally, CRP levels decreased more rapidly with the higher dose starting from 10 days after treatment initiation. The developed R Shiny application efficiently visualized the time courses of vancomycin and CRP concentrations, indicating its applicability in designing optimal treatment schemes simply based on visual inspection

c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation has a prognostic implication and is negatively associated with FOXO1 activation in gastric cancer

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Abstract Background Since the biological function of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in gastric cancer remains unclear, we investigated the clinical significance of JNK activation and its association with FOXO1 activation. Methods Immunohistochemical tissue array analysis of 483 human gastric cancer specimens was performed, and the results of the immunostaining were quantified. The correlation between JNK activation (nuclear staining for pJNK) and clinicopathological features, the proliferation index, prognosis or FOXO1 inactivation (cytoplasmic staining for pFOXO1) was analyzed. The SNU-638 gastric cancer cell line was used for in vitro analysis. Results Nuclear staining of pJNK was found in 38 % of the gastric carcinomas and was higher in the early stages of pTNM (P < 0.001). pJNK staining negatively correlated with lymphatic invasion (P = 0.034) and positively correlated with intestinal type by Laurens classification (P = 0.037), Ki-67-labeling index (P < 0.001), cyclin D1 (P = 0.045), cyclin E (P < 0.001) and pFOXO1 (P < 0.001). JNK activation correlated with a longer patients survival (P =0.008) and patients with a JNK-active and FOXO1-inactive tumor had a higher survival rate than the remainder of the population (P = 0.004). In vitro analysis showed that JNK inhibition by SP600125 in SNU-638 cells decreased cyclin D1 protein expression and increased FOXO1 activation. Further, JNK inhibition markedly suppressed colony formation, which was partially restored by FOXO1 shRNA expression. Conclusions Our results indicate that JNK activation may serve as a valuable prognostic factor in gastric cancer, and that it is implicated in gastric tumorigenesis, at least in part, through FOXO1 inhibition

KCHO-1, a Novel Antineuroinflammatory Agent, Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses through Nrf2-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Mouse BV2 Microglia Cells

The brain is vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammation that can occur as a result of aging or neurodegenerative diseases. Our work has sought to identify natural products that regulate heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and to determine their mechanism of action in neurodegenerative diseases. KCHO-1 is a novel herbal therapeutic containing 30% ethanol (EtOH) extracts from nine plants. In this study, we investigated the antineuroinflammatory effects of KCHO-1 in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated mouse BV2 microglia. KCHO-1 inhibited the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2, and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. It also reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 production. This effect was correlated with the suppression of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B-α (IκB-α) phosphorylation and degradation and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation and DNA binding. Additionally, KCHO-1 upregulated HO-1 expression by promoting nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in mouse BV2 microglia. Tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), an HO activity inhibitor, was used to verify the inhibitory effects of KCHO-1 on proinflammatory mediators and proteins associated with HO-1 expression. Our data suggest that KCHO-1 has therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation