2 research outputs found
Technical Workflow Development for Integrating Drone Surveys and Entomological Sampling to Characterise Aquatic Larval Habitats of Anopheles funestus in Agricultural Landscapes in Côte d'Ivoire.
Land-use practices such as agriculture can impact mosquito vector breeding ecology, resulting in changes in disease transmission. The typical breeding habitats of Africa's second most important malaria vector Anopheles funestus are large, semipermanent water bodies, which make them potential candidates for targeted larval source management. This is a technical workflow for the integration of drone surveys and mosquito larval sampling, designed for a case study aiming to characterise An. funestus breeding sites near two villages in an agricultural setting in Côte d'Ivoire. Using satellite remote sensing data, we developed an environmentally and spatially representative sampling frame and conducted paired mosquito larvae and drone mapping surveys from June to August 2021. To categorise the drone imagery, we also developed a land cover classification scheme with classes relative to An. funestus breeding ecology. We sampled 189 potential breeding habitats, of which 119 (63%) were positive for the Anopheles genus and nine (4.8%) were positive for An. funestus. We mapped 30.42 km2 of the region of interest including all water bodies which were sampled for larvae. These data can be used to inform targeted vector control efforts, although its generalisability over a large region is limited by the fine-scale nature of this study area. This paper develops protocols for integrating drone surveys and statistically rigorous entomological sampling, which can be adjusted to collect data on vector breeding habitats in other ecological contexts. Further research using data collected in this study can enable the development of deep-learning algorithms for identifying An. funestus breeding habitats across rural agricultural landscapes in Côte d'Ivoire and the analysis of risk factors for these sites
Recommended from our members
Prophylactic Intravenous Immunoglobulin in HIV-Infected Children With CD4+ Counts of 0.20×109/L or More: Effect on Viral, Opportunistic, and Bacterial Infections
Objective.—To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for prevention of viral, opportunistic, and minor bacterial infections in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Design.—Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, outpatient clinical trial comparing subjects treated with 400 mg of IVIG per kilogram of body weight every 28 days with those given albumin placebo.Setting.—Twenty-eight clinical centers in mainland United States and Puerto Rico.Patients.—Three hundred seventy-six children infected with human immunodeficiency virus with clinical or immunologic evidence of HIV disease, 313 of whom had entry CD4+ counts of at least 0.20×109/L (≥200/mm3).Main Outcome Measures.—The incidence of laboratory-proven and clinically diagnosed viral, opportunistic, and bacterial infections.Main Results.—Viral infections and minor bacterial infections contributed more frequently to morbidity in children with entry CD4+ counts of at least 0.20×109/L (together over five times as frequent) than did serious bacterial infection, the primary outcome measure of the trial. Opportunistic infections occurred at a similar rate as laboratory-proven serious bacterial infections. In this group of children, IVIG was significantly associated with a decrease in the rate of viral infections and minor bacterial infections per 100 patient-years (36.0 vs 54.0 episodes of viral infection per 100 patient-years, IVIG vs placebo,P=.01; and 115.1 vs 159.7 episodes of minor bacterial infection per 100 patient-years, IVIG vs placebo,P-.02), as well as a decrease in the rate of serious bacterial infections per 100 patient-years (26.4 vs 48.2 episodes per 100 patient-years;P=.002). There was no apparent difference in the rate of opportunistic infections between treatment arms.Conclusions.—Beneficial effect of IVIG was seen across multiple infectious outcome measures, with reductions in serious and minor viral and bacterial infections observed in children with entry CD4+ counts of at least 0.20×109/L.(JAMA. 1992;268:483-488