Promoting contraceptive uptake to reduce the unmet need for family planning during the postpartum period in Ethiopia:PPFP in Ethiopia

This thesis explores how postpartum family planning (PPFP) could be enhanced and promoted in Ethiopia. It attempts to recommend approaches and strategies that can improve and promote the PPFP in the Ethiopian context, which can also be adopted in other similar settings.Integrating PPFP into existing community-based care along the pregnancy-to-extended-postpartum continuum is promising for improving uptake in populations with high rates of home delivery. These urges integrating PPFP into the existing MNCH services, particularly at the health and community levels, to improve contraceptive uptake during the postpartum period in Ethiopia.Findings in this thesis also showed that each additional MNCH contact where family planning was discussed increased the likelihood of PPFP uptake in health facilities. Family planning discussions during pregnancy and child immunization contacts were found to have an impact on PPFP uptake for women who delivered at home, and family planning discussions during postnatal care were important for women who delivered in health facilities.The success of the PPFP implementation plan must be regularly monitored and evaluated in order to assess how successfully the goals have been met. In order to do this, PPFP indicators must be included in the country’s HMIS, and health facilities must get assistance in order to continue offering services and keeping records and reports. This requires policies and strategies supporting these activities.Moreover, increasing women's FP literacy both at community and health facility levels can support the HTSP and lessen the SIPI we currently see among Ethiopian women. This could be achieved through individual and group education at the community and health facility levels. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) that are impacting poor PPFP uptake through already validated approaches is also critical to improving women’s health and wellbeing

Promoting contraceptive uptake to reduce the unmet need for family planning during the postpartum period in Ethiopia:PPFP in Ethiopia

This thesis explores how postpartum family planning (PPFP) could be enhanced and promoted in Ethiopia. It attempts to recommend approaches and strategies that can improve and promote the PPFP in the Ethiopian context, which can also be adopted in other similar settings.Integrating PPFP into existing community-based care along the pregnancy-to-extended-postpartum continuum is promising for improving uptake in populations with high rates of home delivery. These urges integrating PPFP into the existing MNCH services, particularly at the health and community levels, to improve contraceptive uptake during the postpartum period in Ethiopia.Findings in this thesis also showed that each additional MNCH contact where family planning was discussed increased the likelihood of PPFP uptake in health facilities. Family planning discussions during pregnancy and child immunization contacts were found to have an impact on PPFP uptake for women who delivered at home, and family planning discussions during postnatal care were important for women who delivered in health facilities.The success of the PPFP implementation plan must be regularly monitored and evaluated in order to assess how successfully the goals have been met. In order to do this, PPFP indicators must be included in the country’s HMIS, and health facilities must get assistance in order to continue offering services and keeping records and reports. This requires policies and strategies supporting these activities.Moreover, increasing women's FP literacy both at community and health facility levels can support the HTSP and lessen the SIPI we currently see among Ethiopian women. This could be achieved through individual and group education at the community and health facility levels. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) that are impacting poor PPFP uptake through already validated approaches is also critical to improving women’s health and wellbeing

Promoting contraceptive uptake to reduce the unmet need for family planning during the postpartum period in Ethiopia:PPFP in Ethiopia

This thesis explores how postpartum family planning (PPFP) could be enhanced and promoted in Ethiopia. It attempts to recommend approaches and strategies that can improve and promote the PPFP in the Ethiopian context, which can also be adopted in other similar settings.Integrating PPFP into existing community-based care along the pregnancy-to-extended-postpartum continuum is promising for improving uptake in populations with high rates of home delivery. These urges integrating PPFP into the existing MNCH services, particularly at the health and community levels, to improve contraceptive uptake during the postpartum period in Ethiopia.Findings in this thesis also showed that each additional MNCH contact where family planning was discussed increased the likelihood of PPFP uptake in health facilities. Family planning discussions during pregnancy and child immunization contacts were found to have an impact on PPFP uptake for women who delivered at home, and family planning discussions during postnatal care were important for women who delivered in health facilities.The success of the PPFP implementation plan must be regularly monitored and evaluated in order to assess how successfully the goals have been met. In order to do this, PPFP indicators must be included in the country’s HMIS, and health facilities must get assistance in order to continue offering services and keeping records and reports. This requires policies and strategies supporting these activities.Moreover, increasing women's FP literacy both at community and health facility levels can support the HTSP and lessen the SIPI we currently see among Ethiopian women. This could be achieved through individual and group education at the community and health facility levels. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) that are impacting poor PPFP uptake through already validated approaches is also critical to improving women’s health and wellbeing

Promoting contraceptive uptake to reduce the unmet need for family planning during the postpartum period in Ethiopia:PPFP in Ethiopia

This thesis explores how postpartum family planning (PPFP) could be enhanced and promoted in Ethiopia. It attempts to recommend approaches and strategies that can improve and promote the PPFP in the Ethiopian context, which can also be adopted in other similar settings.Integrating PPFP into existing community-based care along the pregnancy-to-extended-postpartum continuum is promising for improving uptake in populations with high rates of home delivery. These urges integrating PPFP into the existing MNCH services, particularly at the health and community levels, to improve contraceptive uptake during the postpartum period in Ethiopia.Findings in this thesis also showed that each additional MNCH contact where family planning was discussed increased the likelihood of PPFP uptake in health facilities. Family planning discussions during pregnancy and child immunization contacts were found to have an impact on PPFP uptake for women who delivered at home, and family planning discussions during postnatal care were important for women who delivered in health facilities.The success of the PPFP implementation plan must be regularly monitored and evaluated in order to assess how successfully the goals have been met. In order to do this, PPFP indicators must be included in the country’s HMIS, and health facilities must get assistance in order to continue offering services and keeping records and reports. This requires policies and strategies supporting these activities.Moreover, increasing women's FP literacy both at community and health facility levels can support the HTSP and lessen the SIPI we currently see among Ethiopian women. This could be achieved through individual and group education at the community and health facility levels. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) that are impacting poor PPFP uptake through already validated approaches is also critical to improving women’s health and wellbeing

Promoting contraceptive uptake to reduce the unmet need for family planning during the postpartum period in Ethiopia:PPFP in Ethiopia

This thesis explores how postpartum family planning (PPFP) could be enhanced and promoted in Ethiopia. It attempts to recommend approaches and strategies that can improve and promote the PPFP in the Ethiopian context, which can also be adopted in other similar settings.Integrating PPFP into existing community-based care along the pregnancy-to-extended-postpartum continuum is promising for improving uptake in populations with high rates of home delivery. These urges integrating PPFP into the existing MNCH services, particularly at the health and community levels, to improve contraceptive uptake during the postpartum period in Ethiopia.Findings in this thesis also showed that each additional MNCH contact where family planning was discussed increased the likelihood of PPFP uptake in health facilities. Family planning discussions during pregnancy and child immunization contacts were found to have an impact on PPFP uptake for women who delivered at home, and family planning discussions during postnatal care were important for women who delivered in health facilities.The success of the PPFP implementation plan must be regularly monitored and evaluated in order to assess how successfully the goals have been met. In order to do this, PPFP indicators must be included in the country’s HMIS, and health facilities must get assistance in order to continue offering services and keeping records and reports. This requires policies and strategies supporting these activities.Moreover, increasing women's FP literacy both at community and health facility levels can support the HTSP and lessen the SIPI we currently see among Ethiopian women. This could be achieved through individual and group education at the community and health facility levels. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) that are impacting poor PPFP uptake through already validated approaches is also critical to improving women’s health and wellbeing

Promoting contraceptive uptake to reduce the unmet need for family planning during the postpartum period in Ethiopia:PPFP in Ethiopia

This thesis explores how postpartum family planning (PPFP) could be enhanced and promoted in Ethiopia. It attempts to recommend approaches and strategies that can improve and promote the PPFP in the Ethiopian context, which can also be adopted in other similar settings.Integrating PPFP into existing community-based care along the pregnancy-to-extended-postpartum continuum is promising for improving uptake in populations with high rates of home delivery. These urges integrating PPFP into the existing MNCH services, particularly at the health and community levels, to improve contraceptive uptake during the postpartum period in Ethiopia.Findings in this thesis also showed that each additional MNCH contact where family planning was discussed increased the likelihood of PPFP uptake in health facilities. Family planning discussions during pregnancy and child immunization contacts were found to have an impact on PPFP uptake for women who delivered at home, and family planning discussions during postnatal care were important for women who delivered in health facilities.The success of the PPFP implementation plan must be regularly monitored and evaluated in order to assess how successfully the goals have been met. In order to do this, PPFP indicators must be included in the country’s HMIS, and health facilities must get assistance in order to continue offering services and keeping records and reports. This requires policies and strategies supporting these activities.Moreover, increasing women's FP literacy both at community and health facility levels can support the HTSP and lessen the SIPI we currently see among Ethiopian women. This could be achieved through individual and group education at the community and health facility levels. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) that are impacting poor PPFP uptake through already validated approaches is also critical to improving women’s health and wellbeing

Precancerous Cervical Lesions and Associated Factors Among Women Attending Cervical Screening at Adama Hospital Medical College, Central Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the third most common form of cancer among women worldwide. Yet it is one of the few cancers that can be detected and prevented at precancerous stage. Even though different studies were conducted in different areas in Ethiopia, the risk factors for cervical precancerous lesions in the Ethiopian setting are not well identified. PURPOSE: To determine prevalence of precancerous cervical lesion and associated factors among women of reproductive age group attending screening center at Adama Hospital and Medical College. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from June 11 to July 11, 2019. Data was collected through interview aided questionnaires and visual inspection with acetic acid applied for screening and treatment. A random sample of 293 were included in the study. Data was entered into Epi Info version 7, and analyzed by SPSS version 21. Descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the study population and a logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the association of independent variables with the outcome variable. The level of significance of association was determined at p- value<0.05. RESULTS: Out of the total 293 screened women, 15.7% (95% CI: 11.3%-20.1%) were found to be positive for precancerous cervical lesion. After controlling for the effect of other confounding factors, four variables, absence of menses (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.18, 95% CI (0.04, 0.87)), history of pelvic infection [AOR = 2.82; 95% CI (1.21, 6.59)], history of STI [AOR = 2.65; 95% CI (1.26, 5.56)] and having a partner who had another partner [AOR = 2.41; 95% CI (1.08, 5.38)] were found to be significantly associated with precancerous cervical cancer at cut-off point p-value less than 0.05. CONCLUSION: Menstrual history, history of pelvic infection, history of STI, and had a partner who had another partner were found to be significantly associated with precancerous cervical lesion

Undernutrition and Associated Factors among Lactating Women: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Moyale District, Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background. Undernutrition is one of the most widespread public health problems that affect both developed and developing countries. In Ethiopia, it is one of the factors leading to unacceptable high morbidity and mortality among women. However, little is documented on undernutrition among lactating women particularly in such a purely pastoral community. Therefore, this study was designed to assess prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among lactating women living in pastoral community of Moyale District, Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected from a random sampled 545 lactating women using structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Height and weight measurements of the study participants were also taken to compute body mass index. Data were entered in to Epi info version 7 and then exported to SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics like frequency, mean, and percentage were computed to describe characteristics of the sample. Multivariable analysis was carried out, association between independent and dependent variables were measured using adjusted odds ratios, and its 95% confidence interval and P value below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. This study showed that prevalence of undernutrition among lactating women was 17.7%. Dietary diversity (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.43–4.36), monthly income (AOR = 5.22, 95% CI: 1.40–19.40), extra meal taking (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.43–5.29, delivery place (AOR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.24–5.65), and household food insecurity (AOR = 6.57, 95% CI: 3.50–12.34) were independent variables showing statistically significant association with undernutrition of lactating women. Conclusion and recommendations. The study revealed that magnitude of undernutrition among lactating women was high. Dietary diversity, monthly income, extra meal, delivery place, and household food insecurity were found to be predictor of undernutrition. Finally, we recommend that governmental and nongovernmental organizations should organize timely interventions targeting lactating women

Effect of contacts with health professionals on modern contraceptives uptake during the first 6 weeks after child birth:a prospective cohort study in Arsi Zone

BACKGROUND: Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy refers to the spacing between deliveries and subsequent pregnancies. The World Health Organization recommends waiting at least 24 months between the date of the live birth and the conception of the subsequent pregnancy in order to lower the risk of unfavorable maternal, perinatal, and newborn outcomes. Low use of contraception contributes to the high level of short inter-pregnancy intervals. Different studies conclusively demonstrate that this is a reality existing in Ethiopia right now. Limited data is available regarding the effects of contacts with health professionals on the use of contraception during the postnatal period.METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed from October 01, 2020 to March 01, 2021. The study included 418 postnatal women who gave birth during the previous week. They were followed throughout the full postnatal period. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to gather the data. Data were gathered twice: once during the first week following birth and once again from the eighth to the 42nd day after birth. Epi-Info version 7 was used to enter data, which was subsequently exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. The effect of contacts with health professionals where contraceptives were discussed on contraception uptake was measured using adjusted relative risk and its 95% confidence interval.RESULTS: Modern contraceptive uptake rate during the postnatal period was 16% (95% CI: 12.50-19.50%). Contraceptive use was 3.56 times more likely in women who were counseled about contraceptives during a contacts with health professionals at a health facility compared to those who did not have a contact (aRR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.97-6.32). Women's age, place of residence, knowledge of whether they can become pregnant before menses return, menses return after birth, and resuming sexual activity after birth were all significantly associated with contraceptive use during the first six weeks following child birth.CONCLUSIONS: Modern contraceptive uptake rate during the postnatal period among women in the study area was low. Contacts with health professionals where contraception is discussed was the main factor associated with contraception uptake during the postnatal period. We recommend that the Arsi Zone Health Office, the Weardas Health Office in the Arsi Zone, and the health care providers in the Arsi Zone health facilities strengthen contraceptive counseling in postnatal health services to reduce the proportion of women with short inter-pregnancy intervals.</p

Effect of contacts with health professionals on modern contraceptives uptake during the first 6 weeks after child birth: a prospective cohort study in Arsi Zone

Abstract Background Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy refers to the spacing between deliveries and subsequent pregnancies. The World Health Organization recommends waiting at least 24 months between the date of the live birth and the conception of the subsequent pregnancy in order to lower the risk of unfavorable maternal, perinatal, and newborn outcomes. Low use of contraception contributes to the high level of short inter-pregnancy intervals. Different studies conclusively demonstrate that this is a reality existing in Ethiopia right now. Limited data is available regarding the effects of contacts with health professionals on the use of contraception during the postnatal period. Methods A prospective cohort study was performed from October 01, 2020 to March 01, 2021. The study included 418 postnatal women who gave birth during the previous week. They were followed throughout the full postnatal period. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to gather the data. Data were gathered twice: once during the first week following birth and once again from the eighth to the 42nd day after birth. Epi-Info version 7 was used to enter data, which was subsequently exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. The effect of contacts with health professionals where contraceptives were discussed on contraception uptake was measured using adjusted relative risk and its 95% confidence interval. Results Modern contraceptive uptake rate during the postnatal period was 16% (95% CI: 12.50-19.50%). Contraceptive use was 3.56 times more likely in women who were counseled about contraceptives during a contacts with health professionals at a health facility compared to those who did not have a contact (aRR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.97–6.32). Women’s age, place of residence, knowledge of whether they can become pregnant before menses return, menses return after birth, and resuming sexual activity after birth were all significantly associated with contraceptive use during the first six weeks following child birth. Conclusions Modern contraceptive uptake rate during the postnatal period among women in the study area was low. Contacts with health professionals where contraception is discussed was the main factor associated with contraception uptake during the postnatal period. We recommend that the Arsi Zone Health Office, the Weardas Health Office in the Arsi Zone, and the health care providers in the Arsi Zone health facilities strengthen contraceptive counseling in postnatal health services to reduce the proportion of women with short inter-pregnancy intervals