Digital solution for detection of undiagnosed diabetes using machine learning-based retinal image analysis

Introduction Undiagnosed diabetes is a global health issue. Previous studies have estimated that about 24.1%–75.1% of all diabetes cases are undiagnosed, leading to more diabetic complications and inducing huge healthcare costs. Many current methods for diabetes diagnosis rely on metabolic indices and are subject to considerable variability. In contrast, a digital approach based on retinal image represents a stable marker of overall glycemic status.Research design and methods Our study involves 2221 subjects for developing a classification model, with 945 subjects with diabetes and 1276 controls. The training data included 70% and the testing data 30% of the subjects. All subjects had their retinal images taken using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Two separate data sets were used for external validation. The Hong Kong testing data contain 734 controls without diabetes and 660 subjects with diabetes, and the UK testing data have 1682 subjects with diabetes.Results The 10-fold cross-validation using the support vector machine approach has a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 96.2%. The separate testing data from Hong Kong provided a sensitivity of 99.5% and a specificity of 91.1%. For the UK testing data, the sensitivity is 98.0%. The accuracy of the Caucasian retinal images is comparable with that of the Asian data. It implies that the digital method can be applied globally. Those with diabetes complications in both Hong Kong and UK data have a higher probability of risk of diabetes compared with diabetes subjects without complications.Conclusions A digital machine learning-based method to estimate the risk of diabetes based on retinal images has been developed and validated using both Asian and Caucasian data. Retinal image analysis is a fast, convenient, and non-invasive technique for community health applications. In addition, it is an ideal solution for undiagnosed diabetes prescreening

System for creating at a site, remote from a sterile environment, a parenteral solution

The present invention relates to a container, system, and method for creating parenteral solutions at a site, remote from sterile environments. The system includes a flexible container that is empty except for a prepackaged amount of a solute that is housed in the interior of the container. The container includes at least one port and a sterilizing filter in communication with an interior of the port. The container is so constructed and arranged that a fluid flow path is created from the port through the filter and into the interior of the container. A sterile water source including means for establishing fluid flow from the sterile water source into the port is provided. Accordingly, sterile water can flow from the sterile water source through the filter into the container where it is mixed with the solute to create a parenteral solution that can then be infused into a patient. A method and container are also provided

System for creating on site, remote from a sterile environment, parenteral solutions

The present invention provides a system and method for creating on site, remote from a sterile environment, parenteral solutions in large volume parenteral containers for intravenous administration to a patient. In an embodiment, this system comprises an empty large volume container including at least one port for accessing an interior of the container. The port includes a sterilizing filter for sterilizing a fluid fed through the port into the container. A second container is provided including a solute and having means for coupling the second container to the large volume container and thereby providing fluid communication therebetween allowing the solute to be received within the interior of the container. A sterile water source is also provided including means for placing the sterile water source in fluid communication with the port and allowing water to flow from the sterile water source into the interior of the container. This allows the solute, and sterile water that has been fed through the filter, to create a parenteral solution in the large volume parenteral container

Frontiers in Fashion: The Future of Smart Textiles

A panel of experienced individuals from the Rhode Island Textile Innovation Network (RITIN) discussed the future of start textiles. The panel discussed smart textiles in the medical field, supply chain issues, manufacturing challenges, and sustainability concerns

Characteristics of repeat non‐attenders at Diabetes Eye Screening Wales, a national community‐based diabetes‐related retinopathy screening service, during 2003‐2018

AimsTo understand factors associated with repeat non-attendance at screening for diabetes-related retinopathy.MethodsRetrospective observational study using anonymised data from Diabetic Eye Screening Wales for people with a full history of screening invitations and attendances was linked with primary and secondary care records held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank. Repeat non-attendance was defined as no record of attendance during any 36-month period despite three cycles of annual screening invitations. The associations between repeat non-attendance and potential risk factors were examined using multivariable logistic regression analysis, stratified according to type 1 and type 2 diabetes.ResultsA total of 18% with type 1 diabetes (1146/6513) and 8% with type 2 diabetes (12,475/156,525) were repeat non-attenders. Participants attending their very first appointment were least likely to become repeat non-attenders [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)]: type 1 diabetes: 0.12 (0.09, 0.17) and type 2 diabetes: 0.08 (0.07, 0.09). For both types of diabetes, those of a younger age, living in areas of higher deprivation and subject to multiple house moves were at greater risk of becoming repeat non-attenders.Conclusion/interpretationA more tailored approach is needed for the younger population, those living in areas of higher deprivation and/or undergoing multiple residential relocation and to ensure attendance at their initial appointment to minimise future repeat non-attendance

The Fiber Optic Reel System: A Compact Deployment Solution for Tethered Live-Telemetry Deep-Sea Robots and Sensors

Tethered deep-sea robots and instrument platforms, such as Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and vertical-profiling or towed instrument arrays, commonly rely on fiber optics for real-time data transmission. Fiber optic tethers used for these applications are either heavily reinforced load-bearing cables used to support lifting and pulling, or bare optical fibers used in non-load bearing applications. Load-bearing tethers directly scale operations for deep-sea robots as the cable diameter, mass, and length typically require heavy winches and large surface support vessels to operate, and also guide the design of the deep-sea robot itself. In an effort to dramatically reduce the physical scale and operational overhead of tethered live-telemetry deep-sea robots and sensors, we have developed the Fiber Optic Reel System (FOReelS). FOReelS utilizes a customized electric fishing reel outfitted with a proprietary hollow-core braided fiber optic fishing line and mechanical termination assembly (FOFL), which offers an extremely small diameter (750 μm) load-bearing (90 lb/400 N breaking strength) tether to support live high-bandwidth data transmission as well as fiber optic sensing applications. The system incorporates a novel epoxy potted data payload system (DPS) that includes high-definition video, integrated lighting, rechargeable battery power, and gigabit ethernet fiber optic telemetry. In this paper we present the complete FOReelS design and field demonstrations to depths exceeding 780 m using small coastal support vessels of opportunity. FOReelS is likely the smallest form factor live-telemetry deep-sea exploration tool currently in existence, with a broad range of future applications envisioned for oceanographic sensing and communication

Design and Performance of Odyssey IV: A Deep Ocean Hover-Capable AUV

The Odyssey IV class AUV was designed to fill the evolving needs of research and industry for a deep rated (6000 meter) vehicle, which is capable of both efficient cruising and precise hovering. This AUV is powerful enough to reject currents typical in the open ocean environment and yet small enough to be deployed from a small fishing boat. The thruster layout, two vectored side thrusters and two fixed cross-body thrusters, allow for 4-DOF control, which gives this vehicle precision and flexibility not possible in previous Odyssey class AUVs. An adaptable payload area allows the mounting of sensors, actuators, or other hardware suitable to a particular mission. The dynamic control layer of our behavior-based MOOS software was completely redesigned to take advantage of the capabilities of this vehicle. This is also the first platform to utilize new graphical controls and database-driven logging which increase operator efficiency and make the vehicle safer to operate. Odyssey IV's intended uses include survey and inspection of cold water corals, fisheries, archaeological sites, and subsea infrastructure. It will also serve as a research platform for computer vision-based servoing and acoustic supervisory control. This paper will document the design considerations and implementation of the Odyssey IV, as well as report on a series of field tests culminating in its first scientific deployment at Georges Bank, observing and mapping the invasive tunicate Didemnum.United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Grant NA16RG2255); United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Grant NA06AOR4170019