Agro-morphological and quality attributes of Moroccan carob

In Morocco, the carob tree is currently enjoying renewed interest with the introduction of a local development strategy based on the development of this resource. Sixty accessions of carob fruits from four regions in northern and southern Morocco are studied for phenotypic and physico-chemical criteria of pods. The phenotypic characterization of the fruits showed that the Chaouen region (north) is characterized by long (13.3 cm), wide (2.02 cm), thick (0.72 cm) and heavy (13.0 g) pods, a high pulp weight (10.8 g) and the lowest seed yield. The southern regions (Beni Mellal and Tafraout) are characterized by relatively short pods with high seed yield. The physico-chemical analysis of the pulp showed a significant variation between the studied regions, ranging from 35.3 to 51.5 % for total sugars, 5.3 to 11.3 % for polyphenols and 11.1 to 14.2 % for total fibers. The three minerals investigated (Fe, Ca, Mg) were detected in all carob samples, mainly in Tafraout, and their contents vary from one region to another.  Keywords: Morocco, Ceratonia siliqua L, pod, morphological characterization, chemical features, pul

Shooting Down Military Aircraft: Pakistan Responsibilities Over India

Introduction to The Problem: The act of firing on two Indian military aircraft carried out by Pakistan indeed constitutes the right of air control over military aircraft according to the Paris Convention of 1919 and the Chicago Convention of 1944, according to which this convention's control rights over foreign military aircraft are strict and maximum, it does not contain exceptions Article 32 of the Paris Convention and Article 3 (c) of the 1944 Chicago Convention The right of maximum and strict control of the state over its airspace is only directed to military aircraft of other countries, where the consideration of national security is the main reason. But still, the shooting action carried out by Pakistan against Indian military aircraft is an act of negligence on airspace which became its sovereignty, due to the lack of coordination related to the shootings carried out.Purpose/Objective Study: This study aims to determine and understand the regulation of Indian military aircraft in the 1944 Chicago Convention on Flight of Military Aircraft to Airspace in Other Countries and the responsibility of the state of Pakistan in firing Indian military aircraft from the perspective of international air law.Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is research that uses normative legal research methods using a type of legislation approach and case approach. The legal materials used are primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials that are useful for obtaining conclusions that are relevant to the problems in this study.Findings: The results showed that: 1) the regulation of Indian military aircraft in the 1944 Chicago Convention was categorized as a military aircraft (state aircraft) type of MiG-21 Bison interceptor which was indeed used for military, police and customs purposes, which in this case did not have the right to do flight above the airspace of another country before obtaining permission in advance from the country concerned; 2) the form of responsibility that must be given is in the form of termination of acts, apologies and remedial actions in the form of restitution, ie repairing as before the Indian military aircraft that he shot and providing protection for pilots he captures, this is as regulated in Article 31 of the ILC Draft.Paper Type: Research Articl

ANALISIS OPTIMALISASI RUTE LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT (LRT) UNTUK PENINGKATAN MOBILITAS DI KOTA MAKASSAR

Kota Makassar, sebagai pusat layanan utama di wilayah timur Indonesia, memiliki populasi sekitar 1.432.189 orang yang menyebar di area seluas 175.77 km2. Kepadatan penduduk ini memicu peningkatan aktivitas sehari-hari, termasuk dalam aspek lalu lintas. Tingginya penggunaan kendaraan pribadi, yang terus meningkat, beriringan dengan stagnasi dalam pengembangan infrastruktur lalu lintas, telah menyebabkan kemacetan di berbagai area. Dalam upaya mengurangi kemacetan ini, pengembangan transportasi publik seperti Light Rail Transit (LRT) dianggap sebagai solusi yang efektif, terutama mengingat kondisi kepadatan kota dan masalah kemacetan yang dihadapi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan rute LRT yang paling efisien di Makassar, berdasarkan analisis pola pergerakan dan rencana pengembangan kota. Studi ini mengadopsi pendekatan analisis Jaringan dan Analisis Multikriteria untuk mencapai tujuannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rute LRT yang ideal dimulai dari Bandara Sultan Hasanuddin menuju Terminal Tamalate

Moroccan carob pulp in food product: Formulation and consumer test

La possibilité d'utiliser la caroube comme une source de nourriture dans un "contexte marocain" n’a été que peu étudiée. Dans ce travail, la poudre de pulpe caroube, à haute valeur nutritionnelle, a été utilisée dans la formulation de trois produits alimentaires pour l’enrichissement nutritionnel du pain, du cake et des flocons. La pulpe de caroube était moulue en farine et utilisée comme ingrédient dans le pain (5; 10 et 12,5 %), le gâteau (20,5; 35 et 50 %) et les flocons à 50 %. Soixante-seize consommateurs ayant une représentativité par sexe ont donné leur degré de satisfaction pour l’acceptabilité globale et le goût pour les trois nouveaux produits. L’acceptabilité globale a été approuvée par 85%, 92% et 50% des consommateurs respectivement pour le pain, les gâteaux et les flocons tandis que le goût a été apprécié par 76%, 90% et 55% des consommateurs. La poudre de caroube pourrait être utilisées comme ingrédient à valeur santé pour d’autres préparations alimentaires, contribuant ainsi à améliorer la chaîne de valeur de la caroube. Mots clé: Poudre de pulpe caroube, nutrition, formulation, aliment, test consommateurThe possibility of using carob as a food source in a "Moroccan context" has been little studied. In this work, carob pulp powder was used in three food products formulations for nutritional enrichment of bread, cake and flakes. Carob pulp was ground into flour and used as ingredient in bread (5, 10 and 12.5%), cake (20.5, 35 and 50%) and flakes at 50%. Seventy six consumers with representative gender-age have given their degree of satisfaction for the overall acceptability and taste for the three new products. Overall acceptability was approved by 85%, 92% and 50% of the consumers respectively for bread, cake and flakes while the taste was appreciated by 76%, 90% and 55% of the consumers. Carob powder could be used as a healthy ingredient for other food preparations, thus contributing to improve the carob value chain. Keywords: carob pulp powder, nutrition, formulation, food product, consumer tes

Effect of flour particle size on beta-glucan and polyphenol content of three Moroccan oat varieties

Food industries have been increasingly interested in oat grain thanks to its bioactive compounds with confirmed functional properties. This study aims to explore the effect of oat flour particle size of 425 µm, 560 µm, 670 µm, 1000 µm, whole flour and bran on beta-glucan and polyphenol content. The six flour fractions from three Moroccan oat varieties, of which one is naked grain, were investigated. The three oat varieties have beta-glucan contents respectively of 4.08 %, 3.42 % and 2.49 % and polyphenols contents of 351.0, 360.7 and 560.1 µg EAG/g. Results showed high contents of these two compounds in the bran fraction and the fraction with a particle size smaller than 1000 µm and greater than 670 µm. The beta-glucan content showed the largest variation, from 6 % in both fractions to 1.3 % in the fraction with particles smaller than 425µm. Mastering the process of oat flour fractionation could generate quality dense oat fractions adapted to the manufacturers' requirements and investigating other fractionation protocols is highly recommended.  Keywords: oat, fractionation, particle size, beta-glucan, polyphenol

Variétés Chifaa et Bounejmate : Caractérisation et Etude de leur effet sur la structure alvéolaire du pain par analyse d’image numérique

The alveolar structure of bread products is one of the factors that the bakery industry seeks to control. The objective of this work is to elucidate the effect of this parameter through the evaluation of the alveolar structure of bread by image analysis. The naked barley variety "Chifaà" and the naked oat variety "Bounejmate" were used for this purpose. The work consists on the characterisation of the physical and chemical criteria regarding these two varieties followed by the constitution of mixtures from a commercial flour of soft wheat and complete flours of barley and oat, respectively, as follows: (100% wheat), (barley or oats/wheat) : (10/90), (20/80) and (30/70). Seven loaves of bread (6 mixed loaves and the control loaf) were made using a bread machine. Slices of the obtained loaves were then analysed by image analysis for the following criteria (crumb development, total area of the alveoli, % alveoli in the crumb, number of alveoli). The results showed variability in the composition of the studied varieties. The variety "Chifaà" is marked by a high content of β-glucan (7.9%) and the variety "Bounejmate" is marked by a high content of protein (17.6%) and fat (10.4%). The addition of oat induced a 44.7% decrease in crumb development from 10% addition, whereas barley showed a similar effect at 30% addition. Moreover, barley at 30% addition had more negative effect on the crumb alveoli which decrease until disappearance of the majority.La structure alvéolaire des produits de panification constitue un des facteurs que la profession cherche à maitriser. L’objectif de ce travail est d’élucider l’effet de cet ajout à travers l’évaluation de la structure alvéolaire du pain par analyse d’image. La variété d’orge à grains nus « Chifaa » et la variété d’avoine à grains nus « Bounejmate » ont été utilisées à cet effet. Le travail consiste à une caractérisation des critères physico-chimiques des deux variétés suivi de la constitution des mélanges à partir d’une farine commerciale de blé tendre et des farines complètes d’orge et d’avoine, respectivement, comme suit ; (100% blé), (orge ou avoine/blé) : (10/90), (20/80) et (30/70). Sept pains (6 pains mélanges et le pain contrôle) ont été fabriqués à l’aide d’une machine à pain. Des tranches des pains obtenus ont subies par la suite une analyse d’image pour les critères suivants (développement de la mie, aire total des alvéoles, % d’alvéoles dans la mie, nombre d’alvéoles). Les résultats ont montré une variabilité dans la composition des variétés utilisées, en effet la variété « Chifaa» est marquée par une forte teneur en β-glucane (7,9%) et la variété « Bounejmate » est marquée par une forte teneur en protéine (17,6%) et en lipides (10,4%). L’ajout d’avoine a induit une diminution de 44.7% du développement de la mie à partir de 10% d’ajout alors que l’orge n’a montré un effet similaire qu’à partir de 30% d’ajout. En outre, l’orge à 30% d’ajout a montré plus d’effet négatif sur les alvéoles de la mie qui diminuent jusqu’à disparition de la majorité

Comparative study of the mineral composition of carob pulp (Ceratonia siliqua L.) from various regions in Morocco

Ceratonia siliqua L. ou la caroube est une espèce agro-forestière-pastorale avec d'énormes intérêts socio-économiques et écologiques. Il a longtemps été cultivé pour l'alimentation humaine et animale. Actuellement, il est de plus en plus utilisé par les secteurs alimentaires, pharmaceutiques et diététiques. C'est une espèce typiquement méditerranéenne et élargie distribuée au Maroc.Afin de caractériser et valoriser la caroube du Maroc, une étude comparative de la composition minérale de la pulpe de caroube de quatre régions du Maroc (Beni-Mellal, Chaoun, Tafraoute et Taounate) pour l’élite de la région pour la région chaque élément minéral, les résultats de ces travaux comportent une différence significative pour tous les paramètres chimiques et physico-chimiques entre les régions étudiées. La caractérisation a montré une gamme de variation en termes de teneur en eau, + = 1121,1-1300,2 mg / 100g, P = 41,9-57., 2 mg / 100g, Ca 2+ = 270,4- 305,3 mg / 100g, Mg 2+ = 40,4- 144, 8 mg / 100g et Na + = 31,6-81,7 mg / 100g Fe 2+ = 5,26-6,66 mg / 100g, Zn 2+= 1,80-2,61 mg / 100g, Mn 2+ = 0., 60-0,75 mg / 100g, Cu 2+ = 0,42-0,56 mg / 100g)

Design, Characterization and Investigation of Heavy Metal Ions Removal by New Cellulose-Ether Based adsorbent

The present investigation deals with the elaboration in homogenous conditions of new cross-linked, hydroxyl cellulose (HEC) based material. Further, its application as a new eco-friendly low-cost efficient adsorbent of hazardous metal ions from an aquatic environment is treated. In this respect, the functionalization of HEC has been carried out using EDTA as a cross-linking agent exploiting its high capacity to chelate heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions. The proposed structure of the new crosslinked material (HECD) was investigated using structural analyses (FTIR-ATR vibrational spectroscopy and CP/MAS 13C NMR Spectroscopy). Also, the thermal and crystalline behaviours of unmodified and modified HEC were studied using thermogravimetric (TG and DTG) and DRX patterns. In addition, SEM images were recorded to demonstrate the changes expected at the morphological and textural level. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of Pb (II), Cu (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) ions from aqueous solutions by HECD was investigated using batch technique and optimized according to metal concentration, pH, contact time, ionic selectivity and regenerability. The maximum metal uptakes under optimum conditions were of 1.96, 4.18, 1.81 and 1.66 mmol/g for Pb (II), Cu (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II), respectively. Thus, to examine the mechanism of adsorption, the experimental data is fitted to kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic modelling

Phytochemical Profiling and Untargeted Metabolite Fingerprinting of the MEDWHEALTH Wheat, Barley and Lentil Wholemeal Flours

An important research target is improving the health benefits of traditional Mediterranean, durum wheat-based foods using innovative raw materials. In this study, we characterised wholemeal flours obtained from a traditional durum wheat cv. Svevo, two innovative durum wheat varieties (Svevo-High Amylose and Faridur), the naked barley cv. Chifaa and the elite lentil line 6002/ILWL118/1-1, evaluating them for targeted phytochemicals, untargeted metabolomics fingerprints and antioxidant capacity. To this aim, individual phenolic acids, flavonoids, tocochromanols and carotenoids were identified and quantified through HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant capacities of both the extracts and whole meals were detected by ABTS assays. An untargeted metabolomics fingerprinting of the samples was conducted through NMR spectroscopy. Results showed that the innovative materials improved phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacity compared to Svevo. In particular, Svevo-HA and Faridur had higher contents of ferulic and sinapic acids, β-tocotrienol and lutein. Moreover, Chifaa is a rich source of phenolic acids, β-tocopherols, lutein and zeaxanthin whereas lentil of flavonoids (i.e., catechin and procyanidin B2). The NMR profiles of Svevo-HA and Faridur showed a significant reduction of sugar content, malate and tryptophan compared to that of Svevo. Finally, substantial differences characterized the lentil profiles, especially for citrate, trigonelline and phenolic resonances of secondary metabolites, such as catechin-like compounds. Overall, these results support the potential of the above innovative materials to renew the health value of traditional Mediterranean durum wheat-based products