Design, Development and Evaluation of Dendritic Architechture for the Delivery of Ofloxacin against Resistance Producing Strains

Dendrimer represents hyperbranched, monodisperse, three-dimensional macromolecules with host-guest entrapment properties having defined molecular weight. Dendrimer allows defined control of size, shape and position of functional groups. For the above said reason, dendrimers have become more popular application in many fields.The present study was aimed at developing and exploring the use of novel PEGylated 0.5G EDA-PPI (poly propyeleneimine) dendritic architecture for the delivery of an antibacterial drug, Ofloxacin. The dendritic architecture was synthesized by double Michael addiction reaction using ethylenediamine as a core moiety and the synthesized system was PEGylated using PEG-4000 and the Ofloxacin was loaded by equilibrium dialysis method into the system. The prepared Ofloxacin loaded PEGylated 0.5G EDAPPI dendritic architecture was evaluated for FTIR studies, solubility studies, drug entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release studies and anti-bacterial assay. The results showed that there was enhanced rate of drug release, drug solubility with significant antimicrobial activity compared to plain Ofloxacin. The tablets of Ofloxacin loaded PEGylated 0.5G EDA-PPI dendrimer were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for various parameters such as hardness, thickness, weight variation, drug content and in-vitro drug release studies. The in-vitro drug release of Ofloxacin loaded 0.5G EDA-PPI dendrimer compared with that of marketed Ofloxacin tablet. The results revealed that there is enhanced rate of dissolution of Ofloxacin loaded PEGylated 0.5G EDA-PPI dendrimer than that of marketed Ofloxacin tablet formulation

Unravelling the genomic origins of lumpy skin disease virus in recent outbreaks

Abstract Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus and family Poxviridae. LSDV was endemic in most of Africa, the Middle East and Turkey, but since 2015, several outbreaks have been reported in other countries. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing approach to investigate the origin of the outbreak and understand the genomic landscape of the virus. Our study showed that the LSDV strain of 2022 outbreak exhibited many genetic variations compared to the Reference Neethling strain sequence and the previous field strains. A total of 1819 variations were found in 22 genome sequences, which includes 399 extragenic mutations, 153 insertion frameshift mutations, 234 deletion frameshift mutations, 271 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 762 silent SNPs. Thirty-eight genes have more than 2 variations per gene, and these genes belong to viral-core proteins, viral binding proteins, replication, and RNA polymerase proteins. We highlight the importance of several SNPs in various genes, which may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of LSDV. Phylogenetic analysis performed on all whole genome sequences of LSDV showed two types of variants in India. One group of the variant with fewer mutations was found to lie closer to the LSDV 2019 strain from Ranchi while the other group clustered with previous Russian outbreaks from 2015. Our study highlights the importance of genomic characterization of viral outbreaks to not only monitor the frequency of mutations but also address its role in pathogenesis of LSDV as the outbreak continues