38 research outputs found
LC-TTFS: Towards Lossless Network Conversion for Spiking Neural Networks with TTFS Coding
The biological neurons use precise spike times, in addition to the spike
firing rate, to communicate with each other. The time-to-first-spike (TTFS)
coding is inspired by such biological observation. However, there is a lack of
effective solutions for training TTFS-based spiking neural network (SNN). In
this paper, we put forward a simple yet effective network conversion algorithm,
which is referred to as LC-TTFS, by addressing two main problems that hinder an
effective conversion from a high-performance artificial neural network (ANN) to
a TTFS-based SNN. We show that our algorithm can achieve a near-perfect mapping
between the activation values of an ANN and the spike times of an SNN on a
number of challenging AI tasks, including image classification, image
reconstruction, and speech enhancement. With TTFS coding, we can achieve up to
orders of magnitude saving in computation over ANN and other rate-based SNNs.
The study, therefore, paves the way for deploying ultra-low-power TTFS-based
SNNs on power-constrained edge computing platforms
Unleashing the Potential of Spiking Neural Networks for Sequential Modeling with Contextual Embedding
The human brain exhibits remarkable abilities in integrating temporally
distant sensory inputs for decision-making. However, existing brain-inspired
spiking neural networks (SNNs) have struggled to match their biological
counterpart in modeling long-term temporal relationships. To address this
problem, this paper presents a novel Contextual Embedding Leaky
Integrate-and-Fire (CE-LIF) spiking neuron model. Specifically, the CE-LIF
model incorporates a meticulously designed contextual embedding component into
the adaptive neuronal firing threshold, thereby enhancing the memory storage of
spiking neurons and facilitating effective sequential modeling. Additionally,
theoretical analysis is provided to elucidate how the CE-LIF model enables
long-term temporal credit assignment. Remarkably, when compared to
state-of-the-art recurrent SNNs, feedforward SNNs comprising the proposed
CE-LIF neurons demonstrate superior performance across extensive sequential
modeling tasks in terms of classification accuracy, network convergence speed,
and memory capacity
Long Short-term Memory with Two-Compartment Spiking Neuron
The identification of sensory cues associated with potential opportunities
and dangers is frequently complicated by unrelated events that separate useful
cues by long delays. As a result, it remains a challenging task for
state-of-the-art spiking neural networks (SNNs) to identify long-term temporal
dependencies since bridging the temporal gap necessitates an extended memory
capacity. To address this challenge, we propose a novel biologically inspired
Long Short-Term Memory Leaky Integrate-and-Fire spiking neuron model, dubbed
LSTM-LIF. Our model incorporates carefully designed somatic and dendritic
compartments that are tailored to retain short- and long-term memories. The
theoretical analysis further confirms its effectiveness in addressing the
notorious vanishing gradient problem. Our experimental results, on a diverse
range of temporal classification tasks, demonstrate superior temporal
classification capability, rapid training convergence, strong network
generalizability, and high energy efficiency of the proposed LSTM-LIF model.
This work, therefore, opens up a myriad of opportunities for resolving
challenging temporal processing tasks on emerging neuromorphic computing
machines
Final technical report : developing, implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of a tobacco control strategy in a tuberculosis dispensary in China
Through this project, an integrated tobacco control strategy was developed and implemented in Shaanxi Tuberculosis Dispensary in China. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions suggested that leaders of the dispensary are key to tobacco control. As a result of the project, regulations forbidding smoking or the sale of tobacco inside the dispensary were developed, and smoke-free zones were established. Studies indicate that doctors have relatively low knowledge of the relationship between smoking and TB, and showed only moderate support for integrating tobacco control into their current duties. In this study strategy, leaders were mobilized by establishing a committee for tobacco control
Smoking, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in a Large Cohort of Chinese Men with 15 Years Follow-up
Background: To examine the joint effects of smoking and blood pressure on the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a cohort of Chinese men. Methods: This study followed a cohort of 213,221 men over 40 years of age who were recruited from 45 district/counties across China between 1990–1991, and whose cause-specific mortality was examined for 15 years, up to 31 December 2005. We calculated hazard ratios for all-cause mortality and CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke mortality for the combined sets of smoking status and blood pressure levels using the Cox proportional hazard model, adjusting for potential individual-level and contextual-level risk factors. Results: During the 15 years of follow-up, 52,795 deaths occurred, including 18,833 deaths from CVD, 3744 deaths from IHD, and 11,288 deaths from stroke. The risk of mortality from CVD, IHD, and stroke increased significantly, with increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and with more pack years of smoking. Compared with never-smokers with normal blood pressure, the hazard ratios and 95% CI of CVD, IHD, and stroke mortality for those who smoked over 20 pack years with hypertension were remarkably increased to 2.30 (95% CI: 2.12–2.50), 1.78 (95% CI: 1.48–2.14), and 2.74 (95% CI: 2.45–3.07), respectively. Conclusion: There was a combined effect on the risk of CVD, IHD, and stroke mortality between smoking and hypertension. The joint efforts on smoking cessation and lowered blood pressure should be made to prevent cardiovascular disease mortality in Chinese men
Nonlinear EMC Modeling and Analysis of Permanent-Magnet Slotted Limited-Angle Torque Motor
A Tandem Learning Rule for Effective Training and Rapid Inference of Deep Spiking Neural Networks
10.1109/TNNLS.2021.3095724IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems1 - 1
HuRAI: A brain-inspired computational model for human-robot auditory interface
10.1016/j.neucom.2021.08.115Neurocomputing465103-11