Cut-touching linear functionals in the conformal bootstrap

The modern conformal bootstrap program often employs the method of linear functionals to derive the numerical or analytical bounds on the CFT data. These functionals must have a crucial "swapping" property, allowing to swap infinite summation with the action of the functional in the conformal bootstrap sum rule. Swapping is easy to justify for the popular functionals involving finite sums of derivatives. However, it is far from obvious for "cut-touching" functionals, involving integration over regions where conformal block decomposition does not converge uniformly. Functionals of this type were recently considered by Mazac in his work on analytic derivation of optimal bootstrap bounds. We derive general swapping criteria for the cut-touching functionals, and check in a few explicit examples that Mazac's functionals pass our criteria.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, v2: author order corrected, v3: full domain of 4pt analyticity made more precise, v4: misprint corrected and acknowledgement adde

A tauberian theorem for the conformal bootstrap

For expansions in one-dimensional conformal blocks, we provide a rigorous link between the asymptotics of the spectral density of exchanged primaries and the leading singularity in the crossed channel. Our result has a direct application to systems of SL(2,R)-invariant correlators (also known as 1d CFTs). It also puts on solid ground a part of the lightcone bootstrap analysis of the spectrum of operators of high spin and bounded twist in CFTs in d>2. In addition, a similar argument controls the spectral density asymptotics in large N gauge theories.Comment: 36pp; v2: refs and comments added, misprints correcte

Classification of Convergent OPE Channels for Lorentzian CFT Four-Point Functions

We analyze the convergence properties of operator product expansions (OPE) for Lorentzian CFT four-point functions of scalar operators. We give a complete classification of Lorentzian four-point configurations. All configurations in each class have the same OPE convergence properties in s-, t- and u-channels. We give tables including the information of OPE convergence for all classes. Our work justifies that in a subset of the configuration space, Lorentzian CFT four-point functions are genuine analytic functions. Our results are valid for unitary CFTs in $d\geq2$. Our work also provides some Lorentzian regions where one can do bootstrap analysis in the sense of functions.Comment: v1:50+23 pages, 14 figures, 16 tables v2:a few typos corrected, figure 5,7,9,10 improved, bibliography improve

Twist accumulation in conformal field theory. A rigorous approach to the lightcone bootstrap

We prove that in any unitary CFT, a twist gap in the spectrum of operator product expansion (OPE) of identical scalar primary operators (i.e. $\phi\times \phi$) implies the existence of a family of primary operators $\mathcal{O}_{\tau, \ell}$ with spins $\ell \rightarrow \infty$ and twists $\tau \rightarrow 2 \Delta_{\phi}$ in the same OPE spectrum. A similar twist-accumulation result is proven for any two-dimensional Virasoro-invariant, modular-invariant, unitary CFT with a normalizable vacuum and central charge $c > 1$, where we show that a twist gap in the spectrum of Virasoro primaries implies the existence of a family of Virasoro primaries $\mathcal{O}_{h, \bar{h}}$ with $h \rightarrow \infty$ and $\bar{h} \rightarrow \frac{c - 1}{24}$ (the same is true with $h$ and $\bar{h}$ interchanged). We summarize the similarity of the two problems and propose a general formulation of the lightcone bootstrap.Comment: 35+10 pages, 1 figure. v2: minor changes, typos correcte

Streaming Voice Conversion Via Intermediate Bottleneck Features And Non-streaming Teacher Guidance

Streaming voice conversion (VC) is the task of converting the voice of one person to another in real-time. Previous streaming VC methods use phonetic posteriorgrams (PPGs) extracted from automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems to represent speaker-independent information. However, PPGs lack the prosody and vocalization information of the source speaker, and streaming PPGs contain undesired leaked timbre of the source speaker. In this paper, we propose to use intermediate bottleneck features (IBFs) to replace PPGs. VC systems trained with IBFs retain more prosody and vocalization information of the source speaker. Furthermore, we propose a non-streaming teacher guidance (TG) framework that addresses the timbre leakage problem. Experiments show that our proposed IBFs and the TG framework achieve a state-of-the-art streaming VC naturalness of 3.85, a content consistency of 3.77, and a timbre similarity of 3.77 under a future receptive field of 160 ms which significantly outperform previous streaming VC systems.Comment: The paper has been submitted to ICASSP202

PO-134 Optogenetics Active SNc DA Neurons Improve Locomotor Activity on Exercise-Induced fatigue Rats

Objective After optogenetics activing SNc DANs, locomotor activity ability of exercise-induced fatigue rats were recorded to research the role of nigra-striatum DA system in central mechanism of motor control. Methods Used male SD rats (220~240g), randomly divided into 6 groups: sham control group (SCG), optogenetics control group (OCG), fatigue group (FG), sham fatigue group (SFG) and optogenetics fatigue group (OFG). Virus ware injected in the right SNc at coordinates (AP:-5.30 mm, R: 2.00 mm, H-8.00 mm). The SCG/SFG injected 1 μ l saline, OCG/OFG injected 1 μl mixed virus(ChR2 with TH Cre,1:1), the fiber implantation site was deeper than the virus injection about 1 mm. Three weeks after surgery, rats attend 7D exhaustive treadmill exercise. After fatigue running, OCG/OFG/SCG/SFG were in the open field. We used two different light delivery schedules: 10 ms pulses at 20 Hz (10s) and 10 ms pulses at 3 Hz (10s). Sampling time were quiet state, 1D exhaustion, 7D exhaustion and recovery 24h. Animals were euthanized after completion of the behavioral tests. Brains were sectioned coronally in 50-μm slices, images were taken using a fluorescence microscope and determined the anatomical location of the optical fiber. Results (1) OCG/OFG obtain expression of ChR2 in DANs, this was not observed in SCG/SFG; Activation of OCG DANs with 20Hz increased the normalized mean global activity (laser on/laser off), and a significant increment in normalized mean global activity (laser on/laser off) when DANs were activated with 3Hz/20Hz in OFG (p<0.05), showing successful transfection of OCG/OFG. (2) Stimulation at 20 Hz was sufficient to improve global activity, the effects of 3 Hz did not significant, showing 20Hz stimulation possibility be related to motor regulation. (3)The global activity and total distance of rats after 7D exhaustion ware significantly lower than of quiet state (p<0.05), the difference from the quiet state and after 24h recovery is not significant, indicating that the decline in locomotor ability caused by exercise induced-fatigue is reversible. (4) The 20 Hz stimulation significantly improved the global activity of 1D and 7D exhausted rats (p<0.05), indicating that 20 Hz stimulation can effectively improve the rats locomotor activity with exercise-induced fatigue compared with 3 Hz stimulation. Conclusions (1) ChR2 virus transfection can effectively active the nigra-striatum DA system, causing changes in motor performance and increasing the locomotor ability of rats; (2) The locomotor ability of rats with exercise-induced fatigue to decrease. The total distance and global activity decreased significantly with exercise-induced fatigue; (3) Photoactivation of SNc DANs can improve the locomotor activity of rats with exercise-induced fatigue. From the perspective of stimulating effect, 20Hz is the most obvious activation reference point (NSFC: 31401018, SKXJX: 2014014, Corresponding [email protected])

PL - 022 Effects of exercise-induced fatigue on autonomic activity and dopamine metabolism in rats after D2DR modulation

Objective Objective:  After injection of D2DR antagonist and agonist, the autonomic activity and striatal neurons electrical activity of rats with exercise-induced fatigue were recorded to explore the role of DA receptors in the central mechanism of exercise-induced fatigue. Methods Methods: Used male Wistar rats, randomly divided into 7 groups: control group (CG), one-time exhaustive exercise group (1FG), 3D repetitive exhaust group (3FG), and 7D repetitive exhaustion group (7FG), 7D repeated exhaustive 24h recovery group (24RG) and 7D repeated exhaustive 48h recovery group (48RG). After 1 week adaptive training in rats, rats attend 7D exhaustive treadmill exercise. Subsequently, the autonomic activity changes of each group with D2DR antagonists and agonists were observed in open filed. Used glass microelectrode extracellular recording technique to observe the dorsolateral striatum neurons change of the rats injected with D2DR antagonist spiperone. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) molecular biology methods were used to measure the expression of D1DR and D2DR in the striatum after exercise-induced fatigue. To investigate the role of DA neurotransmitter and receptor on central mechanism of exercise-induced fatigue. Results Results: (1) With the increase of treadmill exercise load, the total distance of each group became shorter, and the recovery phase gradually recovered to a quiet level. The maximum exercise speed of rats in 7FG was significantly higher than 1FG (P<0.05).The average exercise speed of rats in each group was significantly lower than CG (P<0.05).The average speed of 7FG and 24RG were significantly lower than 1FG(P<0.05). the average movement speed of the 48RG was higher than 7FG;(2) After D2DR antagonist injection, the exhaustive time of rats was significantly lower than CG(P<0.01), while the exhaustive time of D2DR agonist intervention was significantly increased (P<0.01).The active areas of the rats in the open field were concentrated in the corners and margins. The distance of normal rats in 60 min was about 159 m. The activity of rats decreased after D2DR antagonist intervention, the movement distance of rats in CG、1FG and 48RG were significant reduced;(3) After injection of D2DR antagonist, The excitability of dorsolateral striatum neurons were affected by 56.10%, 9.76% (4/41) increased excitability, and 46.34% (19/41) decreased, the inhibitory effect of D2DR agonist was higher than excitatory effects (P<0.05);(4) RT-PCR data showed that there was no significant change in the expression of D1DR in the striatum after exercise-induced fatigue, and D2DR was significantly higher than the CG (P<0.01). Conclusions Conclusion:(1) With the increase of fatigue in rats, the total distance of exercise in each group gradually decreased;(2) Exercise-induced fatigue affects the expression of DA receptors in the striatum;(3) D2DR antagonists and agonists can affect the locomotor ability of rats;(4) D2DR antagonist can inhibit striatal neurons in rats with exercise-induced fatigue, suggesting that D2DR may be one of the drug intervention targets of exercise-induced fatigue.(NSFC: 31401018, SKXJX: 2014014)

Advances in dynamic visual acuity test research

The dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) is a functional evaluation tool for the impairment and compensation of the vestibular system, which could reflect the Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function. We present an overview of DVAT research, displaying recent advances in test methods, application, and influencing factors; and discussing the clinical value of DVAT to provide a reference for clinical application. There are two primary types of DVAT: dynamic-object DVAT and static-object DVAT. For the latter, in addition to the traditional bedside DVAT, there are numerous other approaches, including Computerized DVAT (cDVAT), DVAT on a treadmill, DVAT on a rotary, head thrust DVA (htDVA) and functional head impulse testing (fHIT), gaze shift dynamic visual acuity with walking (gsDVA), translational dynamic visual acuity test (tDVAT), pediatric DVAT. The results of DAVT are affected by subject [occupation, static visual acuity (SVA), age, eyeglass lenses], testing methods, caffeine, and alcohol. DVAT has numerous clinical applications, such as screening for vestibular impairment, assessing vestibular rehabilitation, predicting fall risk, and evaluating ophthalmology-related disorders, vestibular disorders, and central system disorders

Direct and indirect effects of climate on richness drive the latitudinal diversity gradient in forest trees

Data accessibility statement: Full census data are available upon reasonable request from the ForestGEO data portal, http://ctfs.si.edu/datarequest/ We thank Margie Mayfield, three anonymous reviewers and Jacob Weiner for constructive comments on the manuscript. This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0506100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31622014 and 31570426), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (17lgzd24) to CC. XW was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB3103). DS was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (grant no. 16-26369S). Yves Rosseel provided us valuable suggestions on using the lavaan package conducting SEM analyses. Funding and citation information for each forest plot is available in the Supplementary Information Text 1.Peer reviewedPostprin