An Iterative Scheme for Leverage-based Approximate Aggregation

The current data explosion poses great challenges to the approximate aggregation with an efficiency and accuracy. To address this problem, we propose a novel approach to calculate the aggregation answers with a high accuracy using only a small portion of the data. We introduce leverages to reflect individual differences in the samples from a statistical perspective. Two kinds of estimators, the leverage-based estimator, and the sketch estimator (a "rough picture" of the aggregation answer), are in constraint relations and iteratively improved according to the actual conditions until their difference is below a threshold. Due to the iteration mechanism and the leverages, our approach achieves a high accuracy. Moreover, some features, such as not requiring recording the sampled data and easy to extend to various execution modes (e.g., the online mode), make our approach well suited to deal with big data. Experiments show that our approach has an extraordinary performance, and when compared with the uniform sampling, our approach can achieve high-quality answers with only 1/3 of the same sample size.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

Phase-Shift Cyclic-Delay Diversity for MIMO OFDM Systems

Phase-shift cyclic-delay diversity (PS CDD) scheme and space-frequency-block-code (SFBC) PS CDD are developed for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed PS CDD scheme preserves the diversity advantage of traditional CDD in uncorrelated multiantenna channels, and furthermore removes frequency-selective nulling problem of the traditional CDD in correlated multiantenna channels

Spatial targeting of type II protein kinase A to filopodia mediates the regulation of growth cone guidance by cAMP

The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a pivotal role in axonal growth and guidance, but its downstream mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we report that type II protein kinase A (PKA) is highly enriched in growth cone filopodia, and this spatial localization enables the coupling of cAMP signaling to its specific effectors to regulate guidance responses. Disrupting the localization of PKA to filopodia impairs cAMP-mediated growth cone attraction and prevents the switching of repulsive responses to attraction by elevated cAMP. Our data further show that PKA targets protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) through the phosphorylation of a regulatory protein inhibitor-1 (I-1) to promote growth cone attraction. Finally, we find that I-1 and PP1 mediate growth cone repulsion induced by myelin-associated glycoprotein. These findings demonstrate that the spatial localization of type II PKA to growth cone filopodia plays an important role in the regulation of growth cone motility and guidance by cAMP

Link adaptation for energy-efficient uplink coordinated multi-point receptions

We investigate link adaptation methods for energy-efficient uplink coordinated multi-point receptions. A system model for practical cellular networks is introduced, in which only a subset of base stations participates in cooperative link adaptation and cooperative decoding for uplink transmissions. To cope with channel-state-information (CSI) mismatch incurred from the system model, link adaptation controllers implementing rate back-off from the maximum achievable rate calculated with the mismatched CSI is introduced. From analytical and simulation results, it is concluded that under a certain condition, the rate back-off does not help to improve energy efficiency, where, for example, the condition holds when the CSI errors are modeled as additive Gaussian random variables. Furthermore, energy efficiency of multi-user spatial-division-multiple-access uplink transmissions is studied in isolated cooperative cellular networks. In this scenario, an analytical expression for the optimal link adaptation achieving maximum energy efficiency is obtained

Link adaptation for energy-efficient uplink coordinated multi-point receptions

We investigate link adaptation methods for energy-efficient uplink coordinated multi-point receptions. A system model for practical cellular networks is introduced, in which only a subset of base stations participates in cooperative link adaptation and cooperative decoding for uplink transmissions. To cope with channel-state-information (CSI) mismatch incurred from the system model, link adaptation controllers implementing rate back-off from the maximum achievable rate calculated with the mismatched CSI is introduced. From analytical and simulation results, it is concluded that under a certain condition, the rate back-off does not help to improve energy efficiency, where, for example, the condition holds when the CSI errors are modeled as additive Gaussian random variables. Furthermore, energy efficiency of multi-user spatial-division-multiple-access uplink transmissions is studied in isolated cooperative cellular networks. In this scenario, an analytical expression for the optimal link adaptation achieving maximum energy efficiency is obtained