Testing gene-environment interactions for rare and/or common variants in sequencing association studies.

The risk of many complex diseases is determined by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Advanced next generation sequencing technology makes identification of gene-environment (GE) interactions for both common and rare variants possible. However, most existing methods focus on testing the main effects of common and/or rare genetic variants. There are limited methods developed to test the effects of GE interactions for rare variants only or rare and common variants simultaneously. In this study, we develop novel approaches to test the effects of GE interactions of rare and/or common risk, and/or protective variants in sequencing association studies. We propose two approaches: 1) testing the effects of an optimally weighted combination of GE interactions for rare variants (TOW-GE); 2) testing the effects of a weighted combination of GE interactions for both rare and common variants (variable weight TOW-GE, VW-TOW-GE). Extensive simulation studies based on the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 data show that the type I error rates of the proposed methods are well controlled. Compared to the existing interaction sequence kernel association test (ISKAT), TOW-GE is more powerful when there are GE interactions\u27 effects for rare risk and/or protective variants; VW-TOW-GE is more powerful when there are GE interactions\u27 effects for both rare and common risk and protective variants. Both TOW-GE and VW-TOW-GE are robust to the directions of effects of causal GE interactions. We demonstrate the applications of TOW-GE and VW-TOW-GE using an imputed data from the COPDGene Study

Quantitative Analysis of Proportion Beauty of Women's Breast-Waist Based on the Non-Contact 3D BodyScanner Technology

Abstract: The non-contact technology is a measurement of using forms such as computer technology, image, light and wave and so on. It has the features of measurement with fast speed and high accuracy. The experimental application of non-contact 3D Body Scanner technology, measured 5 female students, ages between 18 and 22 that in Tianjin Polytechnic University. Based on the breast and waist data analysis, and with the results of subjective aesthetic evaluation, finally it reflects the most beautiful range of women's Breast-Waist proportion in a scatter plot. Keywords: non-contact 3D BodyScanner; breast girth; waist girth; aesthetic evaluation As a woman, the body's curve is the best part of showing the beauty of female body. From the upper, breast and waist show the most female curvaceous, but slim waist, breast fullness, or a perfect human female is it? I do not think so. Half of the 16th century, girdle became popular in Western countries, women around the waist is about 40cm, which is called "wasp waist", but it is a deformity in the aesthetics, and also does not meet the aesthetic standards of modern humans. In fact the human body aesthetic is not only the grasp of degree, but also the grasp of proportion between the degree and the degree. Only when the ratio of body girth feeling, the body can produce the overall beauty and the integrated beauty between breast and waist should be the focus of women to pursue. The study was designed to draw the basic morphological characteristics between breast and waist, and will provide a Reference of proportion between breast and waist that meet popular aesthetic standards. Observation and measurement is the two method of evaluation in human body beauty. The former direct but have a certain subjectivity, ambiguity, lack of scientific and quantitative, combining the two methods so they can complement each other, from the aesthetic or logical side, the experimental results are more scientific and accurate technology. Non-contact 3D Body Scanner Technology Body measurement, the static measurement technique is the most widely used measurement technique, into contact with body measurement and non-contact 3D Body Scanner. Because accurate measurement is particularly important in this experiment, so choose the latter as a measurement tool, this can avoid the body measurement data arising from a small, poor accuracy, measurement time is long, low efficiency which in traditional measurement. Experiment The test equipment and samples This experiment is used Lectra, from French company, a non-contact 3D BodyScanner, to collect the data of human body, which consists of Vitus Smart, a 3D laser body scanner hardware, and Scan WorX, a digital body measurement software. Vitus Smart 3D laser body scanner hardware system using laser scanning, and the system consists of four pillars, each pillar including two CCD video camera and a not hurt eyes of lasers. 8 CCD video camera of Vertical collects data points which associated with the human body from four angles by movement, then cope with the data and display the scan results to three-dimensional images by Scan WorX. They are shown in Measurement equipment and requirements Because of this experiment is mainly study the relationship between bus breast and waist, so in the experimental process, they were only need to meet the appropriate 11

The Macroeconomic Effect of Shadow Credit Market Financing

Shadow credit market is a credit creation market which is parallel to the bank credit market. It has the function of credit creation, liquidity conversion and maturity transformation. In this paper, based on the different participants of shadow credit market, we divides it to the dealer, formal financial institution and private lending credit markets and measures the scale of shadow credit market. Based on the monthly data from year 2006 to 2014, by constructing VAR model, the paper attempts to analyze the macroeconomic effect of the shadow credit market financing. The research results show, firstly, shadow credit market as a way of resource allocation, has certain positive effect in meeting the needs of social investment and financing and promoting economic growth. Secondly, shadow credit market has changed the traditional money supply model and transmission mechanism of monetary policy, expanding the money supply and weakening the effectiveness of monetary policy. Thirdly, the shadow credit market impact the price level through influencing credit market scale and money supply

Phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides from Caryopteris incana (Thunb.) Miq.

1157-116

Mathematical Model of Helical Gear Topography Measurements and Tooth Flank Errors Separation

During large-size gear topological modification by form grinding, the helical gear tooth surface geometrical shape will be complex and it is difficult for the traditional scanning measurement to characterize the whole tooth surface. Therefore, in order to characterize the actual tooth surfaces, an on-machine topography measurement approach is proposed for topological modification helical gears on the five-axis CNC gear form grinding machine that can measure the modified gear tooth deviations on the machine immediately after grinding. Combined with gear form grinding kinematics principles, the mathematical model of topography measurements is established based on the polar coordinate method. The mathematical models include calculating trajectory of the centre of measuring probe, defining gear flanks by grid of points, and solving coordinate values of topology measurement. Finally, a numerical example of on-machine topography measurement is presented. By establishing the topography diagram and the contour map of tooth error, the tooth surface modification amount and the tooth flank errors are separated, respectively. Research results can serve as foundation for topological modification and tooth surface errors closed-loop feedback correction

HYBRID FINITE-DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELLING OF BLAST-INDUCED EXCAVATION DAMAGED ZONE IN THE TOP-HEADING OF DEEP TUNNELS

A hybrid finite-discrete element method (FEM/DEM) is introduced to model the excavation damage zone induced by blast in a deep tunnel. The key components of the hybrid finite-discrete element method, i.e. transition from continuum to discontinuum through fracture and fragmentation, and detonation-induced gas expansion and flow through fracturing rock, are introduced in detail. The stress and crack initiation and propagation of an uniaxial compression test is then modelled by the proposed method and compared with those well documented in literature to calibrate the hybrid FEM/DEM. The modelled stress-loading displacement curve presents a typical failure process of brittle materials. The calibrated method is then used to model the stress and crack initiation and propagation induced by blast for the last step of excavation in a deep tunnel. A separation contour, which connects the borehole through the radial cracks from each borehole, is observed during the excavation process. The newly formed tunnel wall is produced and the main components of excavation damage zone (EDZ) are obtained. Therefore, the proposed treatment has the capabilities of modelling blast-induced EDZ and rock failure process. It is concluded that the hybrid FEM/DEM is a valuable numerical tool for studying excavation damage zone in terms of crack initiation and propagation and stress distribution

Characterization of Three Novel SINE Families with Unusual Features in Helicoverpa armigera

Although more than 120 families of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) have been isolated from the eukaryotic genomes, little is known about SINEs in insects. Here, we characterize three novel SINEs from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Two of them, HaSE1 and HaSE2, share similar 5′ -structure including a tRNA-related region immediately followed by conserved central domain. The 3′ -tail of HaSE1 is significantly similar to that of one LINE retrotransposon element, HaRTE1.1, in H. armigera genome. The 3′ -region of HaSE2 showed high identity with one mariner-like element in H. armigera. The third family, termed HaSE3, is a 5S rRNA-derived SINE and shares both body part and 3′-tail with HaSE1, thus may represent the first example of a chimera generated by recombination between 5S rRNA and tRNA-derived SINE in insect species. Further database searches revealed the presence of these SINEs in several other related insect species, but not in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, indicating a relatively narrow distribution of these SINEs in Lepidopterans. Apart from above, we found a copy of HaSE2 in the GenBank EST entry for the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, suggesting the occurrence of horizontal transfer

Optimisation of Signal Timing at Intersections with Waiting Areas

Unconventional geometric designs such as continu-ous-flow intersections, U-turns, and contraflow left-turn lanes have been proposed to reduce left-turn conflicts and improve intersection efficiency. Having a waiting area at a signalised intersection is an unconventional de-sign that is used widely in China and Japan to improve traffic capacity. Many studies have shown that waiting areas improve traffic capacity greatly, but few have con-sidered how to improve the benefits of this design from the aspect of signal optimisation. Comparing the start-up process of intersections with and without waiting areas, this work explores how this geometric design influenc-es vehicle transit time, proposes two signal optimisation strategies, and establishes a unified capacity calculation model. Taking capacity maximisation as the optimisation function, a cycle optimisation model is derived for over-saturated intersections. Finally, the relationship among waiting-area storage capacity, cycle time, and traffic ca-pacity is discussed using field survey data. The results of two cases show that optimising the signal scheme helps reduce intersection delays by 10–15%