Chlorine and Bromine Isotope Fractionation of Halogenated Organic Pollutants on Gas Chromatography Columns

Compound-specific chlorine/bromine isotope analysis (CSIA-Cl/Br) has become a useful approach for degradation pathway investigation and source appointment of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs). CSIA-Cl/Br is usually conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which could be negatively impacted by chlorine and bromine isotope fractionation of HOPs on GC columns. In this study, 31 organochlorines and 4 organobromines were systematically investigated in terms of Cl/Br isotope fractionation on GC columns using GC-double focus magnetic-sector high resolution MS (GC-DFS-HRMS). On-column chlorine/bromine isotope fractionation behaviors of the HOPs were explored, presenting various isotope fractionation modes and extents. Twenty-nine HOPs exhibited inverse isotope fractionation, and only polychlorinated biphenyl-138 (PCB-138) and PCB-153 presented normal isotope fractionation. And no observable isotope fractionation was found for the rest four HOPs, i.e., PCB-101, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, PCB-180 and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran. The isotope fractionation extents of different HOPs varied from below the observable threshold (0.50%) to 7.31% (PCB-18). The mechanisms of the on-column chlorine/bromine isotope fractionation were tentatively interpreted with the Craig-Gordon model and a modified two-film model. Inverse isotope effects and normal isotope effects might contribute to the total isotope effects together and thus determine the isotope fractionation directions and extents. Proposals derived from the main results of this study for CSIA-Cl/Br research were provided for improving the precision and accuracy of CSIA-Cl/Br results. The findings of this study will shed light on the development of CSIA-Cl/Br methods using GC-MS techniques, and help to implement the research using CSIA-Cl/Br to investigate the environmental behaviors and pollution sources of HOPs.Comment: 30 pages, 5 figure

Stemness factor Sall4 is required for DNA damage response in embryonic stem cells.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are genetically more stable than somatic cells, thereby preventing the passage of genomic abnormalities to their derivatives including germ cells. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain largely unclear. In this paper, we show that the stemness factor Sall4 is required for activating the critical Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM)-dependent cellular responses to DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in mouse ESCs and confer their resistance to DSB-induced cytotoxicity. Sall4 is rapidly mobilized to the sites of DSBs after DNA damage. Furthermore, Sall4 interacts with Rad50 and stabilizes the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex for the efficient recruitment and activation of ATM. Sall4 also interacts with Baf60a, a member of the SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose nonfermentable) ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, which is responsible for recruiting Sall4 to the site of DNA DSB damage. Our findings provide novel mechanisms to coordinate stemness of ESCs with DNA damage response, ensuring genomic stability during the expansion of ESCs

Spin transport and accumulation in the persistent photoconductor Al0.3_{0.3}Ga0.7_{0.7}As

Electrical spin transport and accumulation have been measured in highly Si doped Al0.3Ga0.7As utilizing a lateral spin transport device. Persistent photoconductivity allows for the tuning of the effective carrier density of the channel material in situ via photodoping. Hanle effect measurements are completed at various carrier densities and the measurements yield spin lifetimes on the order of nanoseconds, an order of magnitude smaller than in bulk GaAs. These measurements illustrate that this methodology can be used to obtain a detailed description of how spin lifetimes depend on carrier density in semiconductors across the metal-insulator transition

Enhanced Object Detection with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Advanced Driving Assistance

Object detection is a critical problem for advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNN) achieved large successes on object detection, with performance improvement over traditional approaches, which use hand-engineered features. However, due to the challenging driving environment (e.g., large object scale variation, object occlusion, and bad light conditions), popular CNN detectors do not achieve very good object detection accuracy over the KITTI autonomous driving benchmark dataset. In this paper, we propose three enhancements for CNN-based visual object detection for ADAS. To address the large object scale variation challenge, deconvolution and fusion of CNN feature maps are proposed to add context and deeper features for better object detection at low feature map scales. In addition, soft non-maximal suppression (NMS) is applied across object proposals at different feature scales to address the object occlusion challenge. As the cars and pedestrians have distinct aspect ratio features, we measure their aspect ratio statistics and exploit them to set anchor boxes properly for better object matching and localization. The proposed CNN enhancements are evaluated with various image input sizes by experiments over KITTI dataset. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements with good detection performance over KITTI test set

Salinity stress results in ammonium and nitrite accumulation during the elemental sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification process

In this study, we investigated the effects of salinity on elemental sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SAD) efficiency, and microbial communities. The results revealed that when the salinity was ≤6 g/L, the nitrate removal efficiency in SAD increased with the increasing salinity reaching 95.53% at 6 g/L salinity. Above this salt concentration, the performance of SAD gradually decreased, and the nitrate removal efficiency decreased to 33.63% at 25 g/L salinity. Approximately 5 mg/L of the hazardous nitrite was detectable at 15 g/L salinity, but decreased at 25 g/L salinity, accompanied by the generation of ammonium. When the salinity was ≥15 g/L, the abundance of the salt-tolerant microorganisms, Thiobacillus and Sulfurimonas, increased, while that of other microbial species decreased. This study provides support for the practical application of elemental sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification in saline nitrate wastewater

A Digital Twin Empowered Lightweight Model Sharing Scheme for Multi-Robot Systems

Multi-robot system for manufacturing is an Industry Internet of Things (IIoT) paradigm with significant operational cost savings and productivity improvement, where Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are employed to control and implement collaborative productions without human intervention. This mission-critical system relies on 3-Dimension (3-D) scene recognition to improve operation accuracy in the production line and autonomous piloting. However, implementing 3-D point cloud learning, such as Pointnet, is challenging due to limited sensing and computing resources equipped with UAVs. Therefore, we propose a Digital Twin (DT) empowered Knowledge Distillation (KD) method to generate several lightweight learning models and select the optimal model to deploy on UAVs. With a digital replica of the UAVs preserved at the edge server, the DT system controls the model sharing network topology and learning model structure to improve recognition accuracy further. Moreover, we employ network calculus to formulate and solve the model sharing configuration problem toward minimal resource consumption, as well as convergence. Simulation experiments are conducted over a popular point cloud dataset to evaluate the proposed scheme. Experiment results show that the proposed model sharing scheme outperforms the individual model in terms of computing resource consumption and recognition accuracy

Janus-graphene: a two-dimensional half-auxetic carbon allotropes with non-chemical Janus configuration

The asymmetric properties of Janus two-dimensional materials commonly depend on chemical effects, such as different atoms, elements, material types, etc. Herein, based on carbon gene recombination strategy, we identify an intrinsic non-chemical Janus configuration in a novel purely sp$^2$ hybridized carbon monolayer, named as Janus-graphene. With the carbon gene of tetragonal, hexagonal, and octagonal rings, the spontaneous unilateral growth of carbon atoms drives the non-chemical Janus configuration in Janus-graphene, which is totally different from the chemical effect in common Janus materials such as MoSSe. A structure-independent half-auxetic behavior is mapped in Janus-graphene that the structure maintains expansion whether stretched or compressed, which lies in the key role of $p_z$ orbital. The unprecedented half-auxeticity in Janus-graphene extends intrinsic auxeticity into pure sp$^2$ hybrid carbon configurations. With the unique half-auxeticity emerged in the non-chemical Janus configuration, Janus-graphene enriches the functional carbon family as a promising candidate for micro/nanoelectronic device applications