Victimhood

Part I of this paper examines the theoretical tension between using the total harm caused by a convicted defendant to determine the proper punishment and limiting the categories of harm for which punishment can be imposed. This is the equivalent in the criminal context of the problem discussed in the classic tort case of Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad. How should a legal regime limit the universe of victims? Part II provides a brief overview of pre-Guidelines decisions defining the term victim for sentencing purposes, focusing in particular on constitutional decisions about victim participation. Although the Sentencing Guidelines have made such cases of largely academic interest in the past, they might have renewed importance in a postGuidelines world. Part III reviews how the courts have interpreted the term victim under the Sentencing Guidelines. It concludes that the judiciary has tended to expand the definition of victim in the context of the departure Guidelines, but the courts have not arrived at a suitable definition for either the purpose of the Guidelines themselves or for other purposes. Part IV argues that the current situation leads to confusion and proposes a standard by which judges should take into account harm suffered by a broad range of victims

“A Man Without a Country”: Experiences of Francophone Migration during the Quiet Revolution

There are numerous studies on shifting Francophone-Anglophone relations during the Quiet Revolution, and migration studies tend to focus on Anglophones who sought opportunity outside Québec (Pettinicchio 2012). However, less attention has been paid to the experiences of Francophones who migrated to English Canada during this period. Undeniably, these people had their own unique political, economic and social motivations for leaving Québec at this time. Their adopted communities brought experiences of cultural assimilation and language loss, which have been previously explored in relation to First Peoples in Canada and the indigenous groups of other countries (e.g. Hallett et al. 2007; Wanhalla 2007). Using the oral history of a Francophone whose family migrated from Québec to British Columbia during the 1960s, I reveal the roles of motivation, alienation, assimilation and language in his migration experience. I argue that (1) the motivations of these Francophone migrants were complex, involving not only politico-economic reasons but also social and personal ones, (2) their subsequent experiences of alienation and assimilation were intimately connected to language and were sometimes self-enforced to prevent low-level persecution, (3) this partial assimilation resulted in a lack of belonging in both their original and adopted communities. My informant’s narrative cannot speak for all interprovincial Francophone migrants, but it does provide insight into the intimate nuances and complexities of the situation that are often overlooked in generalized statistical approaches

A Comparison Of Organizational Climate Of Schools Administered By Female And Male Elementary School Principals.

The purpose of this study was to compare the organizational climate of schools administered by female elementary school principals with those administered by male elementary school principals as perceived by teachers. A comparison was made to determine differences in the perception of teachers of (1) organizational climate, (2) specific behaviors of each group of principals; and (3) specific behaviors of the staffs working with each group of principals. The population for this study was comprised of teachers in public schools which serve pupils in kindergarten through grade eight or any portion thereof. A random selection of fifteen staffs working with female principals and fifteen staffs working with male principals comprised the sample. The total number of participants in this study was 527 which represented 91% of the teachers of the selected staffs. The Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire, developed by Halpin and Croft, was used to assess the organizational climate, the specific behaviors of the principals and the analyses of crosstabulation and the multivariate analyses of variance

Scaling K2. I. Revised Parameters for 222,088 K2 Stars and a K2 Planet Radius Valley at 1.9 R_⊕

Previous measurements of stellar properties for K2 stars in the Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog largely relied on photometry and proper motion measurements, with some added information from available spectra and parallaxes. Combining Gaia DR2 distances with spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) DR5, we computed updated stellar radii and masses for 26,838 K2 stars. For 195,250 targets without a LAMOST spectrum, we derived stellar parameters using random forest regression on photometric colors trained on the LAMOST sample. In total, we measured spectral types, effective temperatures, surface gravities, metallicities, radii, and masses for 222,088 A, F, G, K, and M-type K2 stars. With these new stellar radii, we performed a simple reanalysis of 299 confirmed and 517 candidate K2 planet radii from Campaigns 1–13, elucidating a distinct planet radius valley around 1.9 R_⊕, a feature thus far only conclusively identified with Kepler planets, and tentatively identified with K2 planets. These updated stellar parameters are a crucial step in the process toward computing K2 planet occurrence rates

Parenting Across the Social Ecology Facilitated by Information and Communications Technology: Implications for Research and Educational Design

To inform parenting research and aid educators seeking to deliver programs that support effective parenting, this study explored types of information and communications technology (ICT) used to fulfill childrearing goals. Mothers’ (N = 1,804) reports of ICT activity frequency were examined from data collected from an online survey. Results suggest that mothers’ ICT use for parenting is less frequent than general use in adulthood. Mothers employ ICT to fulfill parenting goals within and across five domains of the parenting social ecology: (a) parent development, (b) parent-child relationships, (c) child development, (d), family development, and (e) culture and community. Several types of ICT activities may strengthen parenting in a single domain, and a single ICT activity may help fulfill multiple domains. Implications for research and for promoting and selecting ICT for effective parent learning and education design are discussed

Examining the effects of emotional valence and arousal on takeover performance in conditionally automated driving

In conditionally automated driving, drivers have difficulty in takeover transitions as they become increasingly decoupled from the operational level of driving. Factors influencing takeover performance, such as takeover lead time and the engagement of non-driving-related tasks, have been studied in the past. However, despite the important role emotions play in human-machine interaction and in manual driving, little is known about how emotions influence drivers’ takeover performance. This study, therefore, examined the effects of emotional valence and arousal on drivers’ takeover timeliness and quality in conditionally automated driving. We conducted a driving simulation experiment with 32 participants. Movie clips were played for emotion induction. Participants with different levels of emotional valence and arousal were required to take over control from automated driving, and their takeover time and quality were analyzed. Results indicate that positive valence led to better takeover quality in the form of a smaller maximum resulting acceleration and a smaller maximum resulting jerk. However, high arousal did not yield an advantage in takeover time. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating how emotional valence and arousal affect takeover performance. The benefits of positive emotions carry over from manual driving to conditionally automated driving while the benefits of arousal do not

Look Who's Talking Now: Implications of AV's Explanations on Driver's Trust, AV Preference, Anxiety and Mental Workload

Explanations given by automation are often used to promote automation adoption. However, it remains unclear whether explanations promote acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs). In this study, we conducted a within-subject experiment in a driving simulator with 32 participants, using four different conditions. The four conditions included: (1) no explanation, (2) explanation given before or (3) after the AV acted and (4) the option for the driver to approve or disapprove the AV's action after hearing the explanation. We examined four AV outcomes: trust, preference for AV, anxiety and mental workload. Results suggest that explanations provided before an AV acted were associated with higher trust in and preference for the AV, but there was no difference in anxiety and workload. These results have important implications for the adoption of AVs.Comment: 42 pages, 5 figures, 3 Table