Vehicular Systems Technologies: Challenges and Trends Across Transportation Means

The work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, under the Ramon y Cajal Program (Grant No. RYC-2017-23823) and the project PERSEIDES (Grant No.TIN2017-86885-R); the BBVA Foundation, under the 2018 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators; and by the European Commission, under the projects IoTCrawler (Grant No. 779852), 5G-MOBIX (Grant No. 825496) and Pharaon (Grant No. 857188). First of all, we would like to thank all researchers who submitted articles to this special issue for their excellent contributions. We are also grateful to all reviewers who helped in the evaluation of the manuscripts and made valuable suggestions to improve the quality of contributions. We would like to acknowledge the editorial board of Electronics, who invited us to guest edit this special issue. We are also grateful to the Electronics Editorial Office staff who worked thoroughly to maintain the rigorous peer-review schedule and timely publication

Sweet Cherry Byproducts Processed by Green Extraction Techniques as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antiaging Properties

Authors thank GRAFOR BIOTECH S.L. by its support to the project.In the cosmetic industry, there is a continuous demand for new and innovative ingredients for product development. In the context of continual renovation, both cosmetic companies and customers are particularly interested in compounds derived from natural sources due to their multiple benefits. In this study, novel and green-extractive techniques (pressurized solvent, supercritical CO2, and subcritical water extractions) were used to obtain three new extracts from sweet cherry stems, a byproduct generated by the food industry. The extracts were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), and 57 compounds, mainly flavonoids but also organic and phenolic acids, fatty acids, and terpenes, were identified. After analytical characterization, a multistep screening approach, including antioxidant, enzymatic, and photoprotective cellular studies, was used to select the best extract according to its benefits of interest to the cosmetics industry. The extract obtained with supercritical CO2 presented the best characteristics, including a wide antioxidant capacity, especially against lipid peroxyl and •OH free radicals, as well as relevant photoprotective action and antiaging properties, making it a potential new ingredient for consideration in the development of new cosmetics.This research was funded by projects RTI2018-096724-B-C21 and 2018-096724-B-C22 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; APOSTD/2018/097 fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana to M.H-.L. and CIBER (CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn)

Effect of Microwave and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Phytochemical and In Vitro Biological Properties ofWillow (Salix alba) Bark Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts

White willow (Salix alba) is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine. In this study, aqueous and ethanolic willow bark extracts were obtained via ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and analyzed regarding their phytochemical (total phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins) content and in vitro biological properties (antibacterial and antifungal activity, acetylcholinesterase AChE inhibitory activity and anti-inflammatory effects). The highest phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid contents were found for willow bark extracts obtained via microwave-assisted extraction using ethanol as a solvent (SA-ME). The polyphenol load of all MAE and UAE extracts was higher when conventional solid–liquid extraction was applied (r < 0.05). The antioxidant capacities were stronger for microwave-assisted ethanolic extracts, with the lowest IC50 values of 12 g/mL for DPPH and a value of 16 g/mL for ABTS +, whereas the conventional extraction had the highest IC50 values (22 g/mL and 28 g/mL, respectively). Willow bark extract showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. AChE inhibitory activity was dependent on the extraction method and solvent used, and the highest inhibition among samples was observed for SA-ME. Taken altogether, our findings suggest that willow (Salix alba) bark extract obtained via ethanolic microwave-assisted extraction is a phytochemical-rich resource with in vitro, anti-inflammatory, and AchE inhibitory properties and, therefore, potential multiple medicinal end-uses.NCSU faculty start-up funds (M.M. 411050-02834)Junta de Extremadura (ref. GR21121—AGA008)European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)University National of Agriculture (Honduras) (Ref. C-DSIP-008-2023-UNAG

Artichoke By-Products as Natural Source of Phenolic Food Ingredient

Nowadays, the transformation activity of the food industry results in the generation of a huge amount of daily discarded vegetables wastes. One of those undervalued by-products are produced during the post-harvesting and processing process of artichokes. In the present research, the potential of artichokes’ bracts and stalks have been evaluated as a natural source of phenolic compounds which could be used as bioactive food ingredients, among others. In this study, the bioactive composition of those wastes has been evaluated using recent advances in extraction and analytical technologies, concretely, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrospray time-of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF/MS) analysis. To achieve this goal, first, the extraction process was evaluated by a comparative study using GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) solvents (mixtures of ethanol and water) at different temperatures (40–200 ◦C). The second step was to deeply characterize the composition of individual polyphenols by HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS in order to establish a comparison among the different PLE conditions applied to extract the phenolic fraction. The analysis revealed a wide variety of phenolic-composition, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. The results also highlighted that high percentages of ethanol and medium-high temperatures pointed out to be useful PLE conditions for recovering this kind of phytochemicals, which could be used in different applications, such as functional food ingredients, cosmetics, or nutraceuticals

Formulation of Protein-Rich Chocolate Chip Cookies Using Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Powder

In theWestern world, the successful introduction of insect consumption may need awareness of insect ingredient benefits, and consumers’ anticipation of insect-based foods with sensory quality is crucial. The objective of this study was to develop protein-rich nutritional chocolate chip cookies (CCC) from cricket powder (CP) and analyze their physicochemical, liking, emotions, purchase intent, and sensory properties. The CP additions levels were 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Chemical composition, physicochemical, and functional properties were analyzed using individual and mixed CP and wheat flour (WF). The proximate composition of CP mainly consisted of ash (3.9%), fat (13.4%), and protein (60.7%). In vitro protein digestibility of CP was 85.7%, whereas the essential amino acid score was 0.82. The CP inclusion significantly impacted the WF functional and rheological properties in all given incorporation levels in flour blends and doughs. The incorporation of CP produced darker and softer CCC, resulting from the effect of the CP protein. Adding 5% of CP did not impact the sensory attributes. Purchase intent and liking improved by using 5% of CP after panelists had revealed the beneficial information regarding CP. Concerning emotion terms, “happy” and “satisfied” significantly decreased while the negative emotion term “disgusted” increased among the highest CP substitute levels (7.5% and 10%) after beneficial information. Overall liking, flavor linking, education, consumption intent, gender, age, and positive emotion term “happy” were significantly assertive predictors affecting purchase intent.Hatch fund at Universidad National de Agriculture AL-UNAG-028-202

Water Extract of Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr Bryophyte as a Natural Powerful Source of Biologically Active Compounds

Bryophytes comprise of the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Cryphaea heteromalla, (Hedw.) D. Mohr, is a non-vascular lower plant belonging to mosses group. To the date, the most chemically characterized species belong to the liverworts, while only 3.2% and 8.8% of the species belonging to the mosses and hornworts, respectively, have been investigated. In this work, we present Folin–Ciocalteu and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) data related to crude extracts of C. heteromalla obtained by three di erent extraction solvents: pure water (WT), methanol:water (80:20 v/v) (MET), and ethanol:water (80:20 v/v) (ETH). The water extract proved to be the best solvent showing the highest content of biophenols and the highest ORAC value. The C. heteromalla-WT extract was investigated by HPLC-TOF/MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry) allowing for the detection of 14 compounds, five of which were phenolic compounds, derivatives of benzoic, caffeic, and coumaric acids. Moreover, the C. heteromalla WT extract showed a protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) on the murine NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line.This work was supported by the European Social Funding (FSE Sicilia 2020 Project ID: 2014.IT.05.SFOP.014/ 3/10.4/9.2.10/0014)

Potential Hepatoprotective Activity of Super Critical Carbon Dioxide Olive Leaf Extracts against CCl4-Induced Liver Damage

Virgin olive oil has demonstrated its effective activity against oxidative stress. However, data on the bioactive effect of olive leaves or their major constituents on the liver are scarce. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracts from fresh and dried olive leaves on hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rat models. For this purpose, healthy albino rats of 180–250 g weight were used. The assessment of biochemical markers was carried out on blood and liver tissue. Then, a histopathological study was carried out on liver tissue. The obtained results showed that fresh and dried olive leaf extracts ameliorate the perturbed biochemical parameters caused by CCl4 treatment. Furthermore, the results registered for the histopathological study are in accordance with the biochemical parameters and the protective capacity of SC-CO2 extracts against DNA damage, indicating that olive leaf extracts helped to improve liver fibrosis caused by CCl4 treatment.Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research LR15CBBC05Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) AGL2015-67995-C3-2Junta de Andalucia B-AGR-466-UGR1

ÁCIDO HIALURÓNICO EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LAS ÚLCERAS VENOSAS DE LAS PIERNAS. REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA

Introducción: La principal causa de las úlceras venosas es el aumento de presión en las venas de la parte inferior de la pierna. Estas úlceras afectan al 2% de la población. En la mayoría de ocasiones su curación es muy lenta, lo cual precisa de mucho tiempo a nivel sanitario y una gran cantidad de recursos. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión es examinar la eficacia del ácido hialurónico en las úlceras venosas, en relación a la seguridad, tolerabilidad, así como la duración óptima del tratamiento. Método: Se realizó una investigación documental, por medio de revisión bibliográfica siguiendo la normativa PRISMA. Se consultaron las bases de datos de PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO, y WOS. Se utilizó la herramienta Cochrane para valorar el riesgo de sesgo y la calidad de la evidencia se evaluó GRADE. Resultados: En todos los ensayos clínicos se trataron úlceras venosas de las piernas con ácido hialurónico en el grupo experimental (en pomada, crema, gasa, junto con colagenasa o junto con vendaje) y en el grupo control se llevó a cabo la atención estándar. Respecto a la duración del programa de tratamiento osciló entre 15 y 140 días. Conclusiones: El ácido hialurónico aplicado en las úlceras venosas de las piernas es eficaz en la reducción del tamaño de la úlcera, acelera la cicatrización, reduce el dolor, aumenta la tasa de curación, posee un buen perfil de seguridad y tolerabilidad. &nbsp; Palabras clave: úlceras venosas, ácido hialurónico, venas, úlceras &nbsp; &nbsp; ABSTRACT &nbsp; Introduction: The main cause of venous ulcers is increased pressure in the veins of the lower leg. These ulcers affect 2% of the population. In most cases its healing is very slow, which requires a lot of time at the health level and a large amount of resources. Objective: The objective of this review is to examine the efficacy of hyaluronic acid in venous ulcers, in relation to safety, tolerability, as well as the optimal duration of treatment. Method: A documentary research was carried out, through a bibliographic review following the PRISMA regulations. The PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO, and WOS databases were consulted. The Cochrane tool was used to assess the risk of bias and the quality of the evidence was assessed GRADE. Results: In all clinical trials, venous leg ulcers were treated with hyaluronic acid in the experimental group (in ointment, cream, gauze, together with collagenase or together with a bandage) and standard care in the control group. Regarding the duration of the treatment program, it ranged between 15 and 140 days. Conclusions: Hyaluronic acid applied to venous leg ulcers is effective in reducing the size of the ulcer, accelerates healing, reduces pain, increases the healing rate, and has a good safety and tolerability profile. &nbsp; Keywords: venous ulcers, hyaluronic acid, veins, ulcer

Extraction of the antioxidant phytocomplex from wine-making by-products and sustainable loading in phospholipid vesicles specifically tailored for skin protection

The authors thank for technical and human support provided by TEM measurements carried out in the SGIker Polymer Characterization (UPV/EHU/ERDF, EU) . The authors also thank: MIUR and PON R&I for financing the PhD grant; BESTMEDGRAPE - ENI CBC Med project for providing analytical equipment and materials; Cantina Santadi for providing Carignano grape pomace. The authors acknowledge the CeSAR (Centro Servizi d'Ateneo per la Ricerca) of the University of Cagliari, Italy for the granulometry experiments performed with Mal-vern Mastersizer 3000.The present study is aimed at valorizing grape pomace, one of the most abundant winery-making by-products of the Mediterranean area, through the extraction of the main bioactive compounds from the skin of grape pomace and using them to manufacture innovative nanoformulations capable of both avoiding skin damages and promoting skincare. The phytochemicals were recovered through maceration in hydroethanolic solution. Catechin, quercetin, fisetin and gallic acid, which are known for their antioxidant power, were detected as the main compounds of the extract. Liposomes and phospholipid vesicles modified with glycerol or Montanov 82 (R) or a combination of both, were used as carriers for the extract. The vesicles were small (-183 nm), slightly polydispersed (PI >= 0.28), and highly negatively charged (--50 mV). The extract was loaded in high amounts in all vesicles (-100%) irrespective of their composition. The antioxidant activity of the extract, measured by using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test, was 84 +/- 1%, and slightly increased when loaded into the vesicles (-89%, P < 0.05). The grape pomace extract loaded vesicles were highly biocompatible and able to protect fibroblasts (3T3) from the oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide.Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR)PON R

Analysis of integrated mobility in college campus in urban areas

Los estudios de transporte urbano se han caracterizado por centrarse en el análisis de los problemas de movilidad entre dife-rentes zonas, buscando principalmente la minimización del tiempo de viaje. En los últimos años han cobrado gran importancia los efectos negativos (externalidades) que la movilidad urbana gene-ra, entre ellos los aspectos ambientales. La movilidad con motivo de viaje a campus o centros universitarios supone un gran núme-ro de los desplazamientos realizados dentro de la ciudad. En este estudio se describen los patrones de movilidad de los estudiantes, trabajadores y residentes en un campus universitario integrado en un entorno urbano. Se realiza una evaluación del consumo ener-gético y las emisiones de contaminantes emitidas a la atmosfera provocados por estos desplazamientos, y así tener un mayor nivel de concienciación sobre el daño producido al medio ambiente. De las conclusiones obtenidas en este trabajo se debe destacar que aunque existan modos de transportes más sostenibles, menos contaminaste y más económicos, las personas se resisten a utili-zarlos mientras existan infraestructuras que permitan el uso de otros modos más contaminantes y menos sostenibles, ya sea por el tiempo, comodidad o porque les cuesta cambiar de hábitos. Para poder incentivar estos usos más sostenibles, primero hay que concienciar a las personas de la contaminación que están pro-duciendo e igualmente facilitar, incentivar y potenciar los modos más sostenibles; y por otro lado, penalizar los más contaminantes y menos sostenibles• Urban transport studies have been characterized by focusing on the analysis of mobility problems between different areas, mainly looking to minimize travel time. In recent years, negative effects (externalities) of urban mobility have become very important because of environmental aspects. Mobility to campus or universities represents a large number of journeys within city. In this study, mobility patterns of students, workers and residents in an integrated urban campus environment are described. An assessment of energy consumption and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, caused by these displacements, to have a higher level of awareness of damage caused to environment was proposed. The paper conclusions are that although there are ways more sustainable, less polluted and more economical transport, people are reluctant to use them. Thereason is that while there are infrastructures that allow use of other more polluted and less sustainable modes due to the cost time, convenience or because people costs to change their habits. To encourage more sustainable transport, firstly we make awareness people of the pollution and to facilitate, encourage and promote most sustainable modes and secondly to penalize most polluting and less sustainable transport