SPORT ORGANIZATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES: AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS

Capitalism plays a significant role in the process of commercialization of sport. The bureaucratization, professionalization, politics and policy change legitimate organizational activities (Oliver 1992). The external process of bureaucratization, which is ‘the organizational manifestation of the rationalization of social life’ (Slack & Hinings 1994: 806) transforms sport organizations. The new environment of sport organizations moves them from voluntary organization to formal organizations with professional staff. This work identifies impact of external processes such as bureaucratization, professionalization and commercialization on sport organization. The focus is on the environmental pressures which change practices (procedures) in sport organizations. The article shows the changes in the field of sport and the processes of excluding voluntary, non-profit sport organization from competitions in elite sport. The last section of the article presents an alternative point of view on volunteers in sport industry

Totally implantable central venous access ports

Całkowicie implantowane systemy dożylnego podawania leków (tzw. porty dożylne) stanowią niezwykle dogodne rozwiązanie u chorych poddanych chemioterapii. Metoda ta znajduje coraz szersze zastosowanie. Rocznie 700-1000 dorosłym chorym w Polsce wszczepia się port donaczyniowy. Z inicjatywy krajowego konsultanta w dziedzinie onkologii klinicznej odbyło się spotkanie uzgodnieniowe w celu ustalenia zasad bezpiecznego stosowania portów w Polsce. W spotkaniu uczestniczyło 26 ekspertów z 17 ośrodków onkologicznych. Rezultatem spotkania stało się uzgodnienie zasad przedstawionych w formie standardów i zaleceń. Uzgodnienia dotyczyły wskazań do zastosowania portów, kwalifikacji chorych, warunków technicznych implantacji i okresu obserwacji po zabiegu, zapobiegania i leczenia powikłań infekcyjnych i powikłań zakrzepowych, szkolenia personelu obsługującego porty, informacji przekazywanej chorym.Totally implantable central venous access ports are very useful in chemotherapic treatment. It gains wider application. In Poland they are implanted in 700-1000 patient annually. National Consultant in Clinical Oncology at meeting with 26 experts from 17 oncologic centers established the principles of safe implantation of ports in Poland. The meeting resulted in report on standards and recommendations containing: recommendation on ports application, patients’ qualification, implantation technics and follow-up observation, prevention and treatment of infection and thrombotic complication, professional staff training and information for patients

An innovative method of fibrous flax harvesting and processing the raw material into one-type (homomorphic) fibre

W Instytucie Włókien Naturalnych i Roślin Zielarskich opracowano efektywną technologię zbioru lnu włóknistego z przeznaczeniem na włókno jednopostaciowe z jednoczesnym pozyskaniem nasion. Len włóknisty jest rośliną, która wymaga stosowania drogich, specjalistycznych maszyn do wyrywania, pielęgnacji i zbioru słomy. W miejsce specjalistycznych maszyn, zaproponowano wykorzystanie kombajnów zbożowych. Celem wydobycia włókna, słomę po skoszeniu trzeba wyrosić. Zabieg roszenia polega na wyściełaniu słomy na plantacji. Na wyściełaną słomę działają mikroorganizmy grzybowe, które powodują rozkład pektyn łączących włókno z drewnikiem. Aby proces roszenia przebiegał równomiernie, wyściełaną słomę należy odwracać. Do odwracania słomy wykorzystano dostępne w większości gospodarstw rolnych maszyny, zbiór wyroszonej słomy prowadzony był przy wykorzystaniu pras rolujących. W artykule przedstawiono prace adaptacyjne mające na celu dostosowanie wytypowanych kombajnów zbożowych do koszenia lnu. Przedstawiono również wyniki doświadczenia polowego. Słomę lnianą przerabiano wykorzystując opracowaną linię. Otrzymane włókno jednopostaciowe poddano ocenie metrologicznej a następnie wyprodukowano doświadczalne partie przędzy lnianej, którą także przebadano laboratoryjnie.At the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in Poznań, an effective technology of fibrous flax harvesting intended for one-type (homomorphic) fibre with simultaneous seed production has been developed. Fibrous flax is a plant that requires the use of expensive, specialized machines for pulling, maintaining and harvesting straw. Instead of specialized machines, it was proposed to use cereal combine harvesters. In order to extract the fiber, the straw must be dew retted after it is mowed. The retting procedure consists in padding the straw in the field in the plantation. The retted straw is affected by fungal microorganisms and in the process of degumming, fibres are separated from adhesive substances like hemicelluloses, pectin, and partially from lignin, waxes and fats. To ensure that the retting process is even, the retted straw should be turned over at least twice. The machines available in most farms were used to turn the straw over, while the harvest of the retted straw was conducted with the use of round balers. The article presents adaptation works aimed at adjustment of selected cereal combine harvesters to flax mowing. The results of the field experiment are also presented. Flax straw was processed using the developed line. The obtained homomorphic fibre was subjected to metrological evaluation, and then experimental batches of linen yarn were produced, which were also tested in the laboratory

Energy and Biomass Yield of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as Influenced by Seeding Rate and Harvest Time in Polish Agro-Climatic Conditions

Energy produced directly from biomass represents an important part of available alternative energy sources. Industrial hemp has potential energy yields that are higher than those of many other energy crops and, as an annual herbaceous crop, hemp fits into existing crop rotations. The total biomass of hemp per hectare is similar to other energy crops, including mostly grown giant miscanthus, poplar, or willow. Industrial hemp is characterized by a short growing cycle, a decreased need for pesticides, and low plant maintenance. The energetic value of hemp depending on agrotechnical factors, such as sowing density and time of harvest, has been assessed in this study. A three-year field experiment was carried out to prove the possibility of using whole plants and separately hemp straw and panicles for energy purposes. C. sativa was sown at eight sowing rates − 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg · ha−1 and harvested at three developmental stages: at the beginning of panicle formation, at full flowering and at the end of seed setting. The optimal harvest time of hemp grown for energetic purposes was demonstrated to be at full flowering and the optimal sowing rate at 30 kg · ha−1 when hemp yielded 14.65 t · ha−1 equals 275.56 GJ · ha−1

Use of Waste Raw Materials in the Form of Hemp Shives and Waste Sheep Wool to Produce Composites Dedicated to Thermal Insulation

The aim of this research was to develop composites dedicated to thermal insulation, developed on the basis of natural raw materials. The composites consisted of mixture of lime, cement, water, and two biodegradable materials: a local mountain sheep wool treated as troublesome waste and hemp shives obtained by processing decorticated hemp straw of the Białobrzeskie variety. On a laboratory scale, blocks were produced with varying percentages of shives with a fraction of 10 and 30 mm. Sheep wool used was in two ways: (1) mixed in the mass or (2) arranged in a layer between lime. The basic parameter – thermal conductivity of the composites was determined. The research showed that making a composite of lime with hemp shives decreased the thermal conductivity coefficient of the material. The addition of hemp shives reduced the thermal conductivity coefficient by an average of 36% and 45%, when using shives crushed into 10 mm fractions or 30 mm fractions, respectively. The addition of 20% and 40% sheep wool decreased the λ coefficient by approximately 40%. The λ coefficient of the composite formed using hemp shives and wool is 0.0738 W/mK. The proposed composites might be a good alternative to commonly used thermal insulation materials

Simulating Spring Barley Yield under Moderate Input Management System in Poland

In recent years, forecasting has become particularly important as all areas of economic life are subject to very dynamic changes. In the case of agriculture, forecasting is an essential element of effective and efficient farm management. Factors affecting crop yields, such as soil, weather, and farm management, are complex and investigations into the relation between these variables are crucial for agricultural studies and decision-making related to crop monitoring, with special emphasis for climate change. Because of this, the aim of this study was to create a spring barley yield prediction model, as a part of the Advisory Support platform in the form of application for Polish agriculture under a moderate input management system. As a representative sample, 20 barley varieties, evaluated under 13 environments representative for Polish conditions, were used. To create yield potential model data for the genotype (G), environment (E), and management (M) were collected over 3 years. The model developed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) simulated barley yields with high goodness of fit to the measured data across three years of evaluation. On average, the precision of the cultivar yielding forecast (expressed as a percentage), based on the independent traits, was 78.60% (Model F-statistic: 102.55***) and the range, depending of the variety, was 89.10% (Model F-statistic: 19.26***)–74.60% (Model F-statistic: 6.88***). The model developed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) simulated barley yields with high goodness of fit to the measured data across three years of evaluation. It was possible to observe a large differentiation for the response to agroclimatic or soil factors. Under Polish conditions, ten traits have a similar effect (in the prediction model, they have the same sign: + or -) on the yield of almost all varieties (from 17 to 20). Traits that negatively affected final yield were: lodging tendency for 18 varieties (18-), sum of rainfall in January for 19 varieties (19-), and April for 17 varieties (17-). However, the sum of rainfall in February positively affected the final yield for 20 varieties (20+). Average monthly ground temperature in March positively affected final yield for 17 varieties (17+). The average air temperature in March negatively affected final yield for 18 varieties (18-) and for 17 varieties in June (17-). In total, the level of N + P + K fertilization negatively affected the final yield for 15 varieties (15-), but N sum fertilization significantly positively affected final yield for 15 varieties (15+). Soil complex positively influenced the final yield of this crop. In the group of diseases, resistance to powdery mildew and rhynchosporium significantly decreased the final yield. For Polish conditions, it is a complex model for prediction of variety in the yield, including its genetic potential

Simulating Spring Barley Yield under Moderate Input Management System in Poland

In recent years, forecasting has become particularly important as all areas of economic life are subject to very dynamic changes. In the case of agriculture, forecasting is an essential element of effective and efficient farm management. Factors affecting crop yields, such as soil, weather, and farm management, are complex and investigations into the relation between these variables are crucial for agricultural studies and decision-making related to crop monitoring, with special emphasis for climate change. Because of this, the aim of this study was to create a spring barley yield prediction model, as a part of the Advisory Support platform in the form of application for Polish agriculture under a moderate input management system. As a representative sample, 20 barley varieties, evaluated under 13 environments representative for Polish conditions, were used. To create yield potential model data for the genotype (G), environment (E), and management (M) were collected over 3 years. The model developed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) simulated barley yields with high goodness of fit to the measured data across three years of evaluation. On average, the precision of the cultivar yielding forecast (expressed as a percentage), based on the independent traits, was 78.60% (Model F-statistic: 102.55***) and the range, depending of the variety, was 89.10% (Model F-statistic: 19.26***)–74.60% (Model F-statistic: 6.88***). The model developed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) simulated barley yields with high goodness of fit to the measured data across three years of evaluation. It was possible to observe a large differentiation for the response to agroclimatic or soil factors. Under Polish conditions, ten traits have a similar effect (in the prediction model, they have the same sign: + or -) on the yield of almost all varieties (from 17 to 20). Traits that negatively affected final yield were: lodging tendency for 18 varieties (18-), sum of rainfall in January for 19 varieties (19-), and April for 17 varieties (17-). However, the sum of rainfall in February positively affected the final yield for 20 varieties (20+). Average monthly ground temperature in March positively affected final yield for 17 varieties (17+). The average air temperature in March negatively affected final yield for 18 varieties (18-) and for 17 varieties in June (17-). In total, the level of N + P + K fertilization negatively affected the final yield for 15 varieties (15-), but N sum fertilization significantly positively affected final yield for 15 varieties (15+). Soil complex positively influenced the final yield of this crop. In the group of diseases, resistance to powdery mildew and rhynchosporium significantly decreased the final yield. For Polish conditions, it is a complex model for prediction of variety in the yield, including its genetic potential

Effect of Blend Composition on Barrier Properties of Insulating Mats Produced from Local Wool and Waste Bast Fibres

This paper concerns the management of natural waste fibres. The aim of this research was the production of multifunctional acoustic and thermal insulation materials from natural protein and lignocellulosic fibre wastes, according to a circular bioeconomy. For the manufacture of the materials, local mountain sheep wool and a mixture of bast fibre waste generated by string production were used. Insulating materials in the form of mats produced by the needle-punching technique with different fibre contents were obtained. The basic parameters of the mats, i.e., the thickness, surface weight and air permeability were determined. To assess barrier properties, sound absorption and noise reduction coefficients, as well as thermal resistance and thermal conductivity, were measured. It was shown that the mats exhibit barrier properties in terms of thermal and acoustic insulation related to the composition of the mat. It was found that mats with a higher content of the bast fibres possess a greater ability to absorb sounds, while mats with higher wool contents exhibit better thermal insulation properties. The produced mats can serve as a good alternative to commonly used acoustic and thermal insulating materials. The production of the described materials allows for a reduction in the amount of natural fibre waste and achieves the goal of “zero waste” according to the European Green Deal strategy

A comparison of the chemical composition of the seeds of linseed and pea cultivars grown in pure stands or mixtures

A three-year field experiment was conducted to compare the chemical composition of the seeds of two linseed-pea mixtures, that is the cv. ‘Flanders’ with the cv. ‘Ramrod’ and cv. ‘Barbara’ with cv. ‘Phönix’. The results indicate that the chemical composition of the seeds of the linseed cultivars was not significantly affected by the sowing method, indicating that the species traits of linseed are constant. The mixed sowing increased the content of threonine and proline in the protein of the Flanders cultivar seeds and slightly increased the protein content of the seeds of both linseed cultivars in the mixtures with pea

Crowding as an Agronomic Factor Determining the Development of Plants and the Productivity of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Nine sowing densities of linseed were compared in a two-year experiment. Self-regulation of the density of a linseed stand resulted in a differentiated branching of the plants. The number of capsules on a linseed shoot, as well as seeds in the capsule, and the number of seeds from the shoot were highly varied from year to year, and there is even a stronger differentiation in the weight of 1000 seeds. Linear relationships were noted between the mass of seeds from the linseed plant and the number of capsules. The yield of linseed was affected by both factors. An increasing sowing rate reduced the seed yield from the shoot and the plant. At lower seeding rates, the lateral shoots contributed in the seeds yield of the plant to a higher degree compared to the main ones