Impact of the operating time and loading of an engine with spark ignition powered with biogas on selected parameters of engine oil

Engines powered with biogas obtained from wastes obtained from a municipal waste water treatment plant were subject to studies. The engines powered the electric current generators. It was found, that after 800 operating hours, differentiation in the contents of iron, zinc and copper depending on the mode of their loading occurred in the engine oil. In the group of engines loaded in about 60% of power, higher contents of iron, copper and zinc in the engine oil than in the engines loaded in 85% of power, was found. Occurrence of other statistically important differences in the contents in oil of manganese, chromium and aluminum was found

How to Harvest Haylage Bales in Sustainable Agriculture

Storing silage in round bales (balage) is a commonly used method for preserving forage for use as stock fodder that has a higher nutritional content than hay. Baling at the optimum density is important for ensuring ideal fermentation conditions. In the manuscript, we present the research methodology and the results of the experiment. We did experiments over the density of haylage bales. We investigated the effect of the moisture content in the harvested material, the length of the cut material and the pressing pressure in the round baler. We used the Barenbrug BG-5 forage mix at different moisture content levels (69, 63, 56, 49, and 42%), that was either unchopped or chopped by the round baler’s cutter bars (312 and 183 mm length) and baled at three different pressing pressures (0.9, 1.4, and 1.8 MPa). The results showed that forage density in the bales reached the highest value at a moisture content of 56% and a pressing pressure of 1.8 MPa, with the forage chopped by the cutter bars

Impact of the content of alcohol in petroleum on the level of an unsupercharged engine’s noise

The results of the studies conducted on the chassis dynamometer for a vehicle powered with a spark-ignition engine are presented in the study. The tested vehicle was equipped with an unsupercharged engine. There was tested the noise level of the engine powered with ethyl alcohol at variable settings of the fuel injection. In the course of the tests, the dose of fuel was increased within the range from the manufacturer’s settings respectively by: 5%, 10%, 20% 30% and 50% of the nominal dose, and the ignition advance angle with reference to manufacturer’s settings was increased respectively by 00 and 30 . It was found, that the noise level for the engine powered with ethanol decreases together with the increase of the fuel’s dose, (up to about 110% of the nominal dose), and then increases. At the same time, the increase of the noise level for the increased value of the ignition advance angle was found

Measurement of flow characteristics of a gear hydraulic pump by simulating the operating load of the tractor’s hydraulic system

The results of the work include research on changes in flow characteristics of gear hydraulic pump QHD 17 by simulating operating conditions on laboratory test equipment with assessment of influence of transmission-hydraulic fluid MOL Farm NH Ultra on technical and operational properties of hydraulic pump QHD 17. The laboratory test equipment makes it possible to repeatedly simulate real conditions under which the hydraulic system of the agricultural tractor operates, or to simulate the load with maximum pressure. By monitoring the change in the flow of the hydraulic pump at precisely determined intervals, which were 0 and 125 hours worked, the influence of the physical properties of the working fluid on the flow properties of the hydraulic pump was assessed and the measured data set was evaluated by mathematical-statistical analysis. Based on the physical properties of the tested MOL Farm NH Ultra fluid, which were determined from the samples taken at precisely determined intervals, no negative effect of the fluid itself as well as its properties on the flow efficiency of hydraulic pump QHD 17 was found

Research of characteristics of environmental energy carriers by simulation of operating load in laboratory conditions

The focus of this sceintific article is a laboratory research on the qualities of environmental energy carriers by simulating the operational load, focusing on changes of physico-chemical qualities of ecological hydraulic and transmission fluid used in agricultural tractors. In laboratory setting by using a simulator, it was possible to simulate different operational load and also track changes in qualities of hydraulic fluid by changing the flow in precise intervals. The hydraulic-transmission fluid used in the laboratory setting was the MOL Farm NH Ultra

Machines and appliances for aeration and scarification of lawns

Przedstawiono analizę konstrukcji maszyn i urządzeń do aeracji i wertykulacji trawników o różnym kierunku użytkowania. Podstawowymi czynnikami rozwoju trawnika i jego jakości jest zapewnienie mu żyznej gleby z odpowiednimi warunkami powietrzno-wodnymi i właściwej kwasowości, a także sposób użytkowania trawnika, jego nawożenia oraz metody jego użytkowania i pielęgnacji. Spośród wielu zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych trawników, jednymi z bardzo ważnych są aeracja oraz wertykulacja trawnika. Zabiegi wertykulacji i aeracji są procesami technologicznymi różniącymi się celami i narzędziami, którymi są wykonywane. Na rynku występują aeratory i wertykulatory o różnych źródłach napędu dostosowanych do wymagań klientów, z silnikami spalinowymi i elektrycznymi oraz napędem ciągnikowym. Aeratory i wertykulatory o małych i średnich wydajnościach mają najczęściej wymienne wałki z różnymi zespolonymi nożami roboczymi. Aeratory i wertykulatory o dużych szerokościach roboczych (wydajnościach) mają najczęściej wymienne indywidualne noże robocze różnych typów.A review of the construction of machines and equipment for aeration and scarifying lawns of various direction of use is presented. The basic factors ensuring the development of the lawn and its quality are: fertile soil with proper air-water conditions and proper acidity, as well as its fertilization and the methods of its use and care. Among the many lawn care treatments, the aeration and lawn scarifying are of key importance. Scarification and aeration are technological processes that differ in the purposes and used tools. The scarification is done by cutting longitudinal grooves in the lawn, while the aeration procedure consists in aerating the lawn by tearing the layer of moss and plant residues in the lawn, and making holes in the soil. On the market there are aerators and scarifiers with different sources of power adjusted to customer's requirements, i.e. combustion engines and electric drive, and the tractor. Aerators and scarifiers of small and medium capacities usually have interchangeable rollers with different working knives. Aerators and scarifiers with large working widths (capacities) usually have interchangeable individual working knives of various types

Design of the measuring device of the agricultural tractor´s external hydraulic circuit

The main goal of the presented paper was to design the measuring device of the external hydraulic circuit of the agricultural tractor, with the implementation of verification measurement and functionality of the device. At the same time, based on the device itself, which was verified in practice, a simulation was created in the FluidSim simulation program using the results of operational verification measurements. At the beginning of the structural design, the requirements for the electro-mechanical device were determined. This device is used for loading of the external hydraulic circuit, determination of the measuring object and flow calculation of the hydraulic pump. The verification measurement itself takes place at rated speed, constant and overpressure pressure in the tractor´s hydraulic system

Influence of Decarbonization on Selected Parameters of ICE

The paper focuses on the area of experimental measurements for monitoring the impact of decarbonization on the technical and environmental parameters of the ICE. The condition for the implementation of the measurements was the selection of an ICE that had driven more than 300,790 km. During the laboratory tests, several test methods were used to assess the technical and emission conditions of the tested ICE with the code designation ALH, which is used in VOLKSWAGEN BORA vehicles. The technical parameters of the tested ICE (corrected power PNorm and torque MMom), emission parameters (absorption coefficient k and NOx emission) and fuel consumption parameters (specific fuel consumption bsfc) were compared and evaluated in the results. The results show that the decarbonization process on the tested vehicle VOLKSVWAGEN BORA 1.9 TDi affected the emission parameters but did not affect the technical parameters and specific fuel consumption