Hierarchical Network Data Analytics Framework for B5G Network Automation: Design and Implementation

5G introduced modularized network functions (NFs) to support emerging services in a more flexible and elastic manner. To mitigate the complexity in such modularized NF management, automated network operation and management are indispensable, and thus the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has introduced a network data analytics function (NWDAF). However, a conventional NWDAF needs to conduct both inference and training tasks, and thus it is difficult to provide the analytics results to NFs in a timely manner for an increased number of analytics requests. In this article, we propose a hierarchical network data analytics framework (H-NDAF) where inference tasks are distributed to multiple leaf NWDAFs and training tasks are conducted at the root NWDAF. Extensive simulation results using open-source software (i.e., free5GC) demonstrate that H-NDAF can provide sufficiently accurate analytics and faster analytics provision time compared to the conventional NWDAF.Comment: 7 page

Comment on "Charged particle ratio fluctuation as a signal for quark-gluon plasma" and "Fluctuation probes of quark deconfinement"

Charge fluctuations studied on event-by-event basis have been recently suggested to provide a signal of the equilibrium quark-gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions at high energies. It is argued that the fluctuations generated at the early collision stage when the energy is released can fake the signal. PACS 25.75.-q, 12.38.Mh, 24.60.-

Balance Functions, Correlations, Charge Fluctuations and Interferometry

Connections between charge balance functions, charge fluctuations and correlations are presented. It is shown that charge fluctuations can be directly expressed in terms of a balance functions under certain assumptions. The distortion of charge balance functions due to experimental acceptance is discussed and the effects of identical boson interference is illustrated with a simple model.Comment: 1 eps figure included. 5 pages in revtex

Review of Long-Term Durable Creep Performance of Geosynthetics by Constitutive Equations of Reduction Factors

In an elastic solid the strain stays constant with time and is constant and the stress decays slowly with time. The increase in strain is not linear, and the curve becomes steeper with time and also as the stress-rate is increased. The slope of the curve tends to decrease with time, but it is steeper for higher strain rates. The variation of both strain and stress with time is linear for constant stress- and strain-rate tests upon elastic materials. The final comment about the compressive creep test and data interpretation is as follows: (1) Description of the creep mechanism of the geosynthetics (exactly not compression but perpendicular compression) is very important because the creep mechanism of tension and compression is quite deferent. (2) To reduce the specimen-to-specimen, many ramp-and-hold (in the case of tension creep: 1 h) tests are recommended. (3) Loading rate is also important because it make initial strain value. To check the nonaffected loading rate, prior to the main creep test, some kind of short-term test is needed. (4) The method to assess the reduction factor by creep also will be reviewed because the value will be changed according to the applied load

Mediating effect of program loyalty on the relationships between value perception and relationship investment on customer loyalty

This research examined the mediating effect of program loyalty on the relationships betweenvalue perception and relationship investment on customer loyalty in the context of a servicesretailer. We found that program loyalty mediates the relationship between the predictorvariables and customer loyalty, suggesting that implementing loyalty programs is useful forencouraging customer loyalty. Our results also empirically support the positive relationship between the value perception of a loyalty program and customer loyalty

Are charge fluctuations a good signal for QGP?

A recent proposal to study charge fluctuations as a possible signal of quark-gluon plasma is discussed. It is shown that the "pion gas model" considered as the reference sample is unrealistic and the expected signal from plasma may be difficult to distinguish from that coming from "standard collisions".Comment: 3 pages, 1 figur

Fully Integrated Frequency and Phase Generation for a 6-18GHz Tunable Multi-Band Phased-Array Receiver in CMOS

Fully integrated frequency-phase generators for a 6-18GHz wide-band phased-array receiver element are presented that generate 5-7GHz and 9-12GHz first LO signals with less than -95dBc/Hz phase noise at 100kHz offset. Second LO signals with digitally controllable fourquadrant phase- and amplitude spread with better than 3° resolution are generated and allow removal of systematic reference clock skew as well as accurate selection of the received signal phase. This frequency- and phase generation scheme was successfully demonstrated in a 6-18GHz receiver system configured as an electrical 4-element array